The Canterbury Tales Comparative Essay - 887 Words

Franchesca Mrs. Thomas AP Literature and Composition A Knight Nobler Than a Monk The Canterbury Tales, written at the end of the fourteenth century, is a frame story written by Geoffrey Chaucer. In the novel, the narrator joins a diverse group of twenty-nine pilgrims who are traveling from Southwark to the shrine of the martyr Saint Thomas’a Becket. While the pilgrims are gathered at the inn, Chaucer observes the pilgrims and records a descriptive account of twenty-seven of the pilgrims, which include a knight and a monk. When reading The Canterbury Tales, the reader quickly discovers that this group of traveling pilgrims are extremely different from each other. The Knight and the Monk are two characters that differ in almost every†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"And though so much distinguished, he was wise/ and in his bearing modest as a maid† (70-71). The Knight is admired by all because of his protection and respect for them. Contrastingly, the Monk’s actions did not prove to be as noble as those of the Kni ght. As mentioned previously, a monk is bound to vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The Monk finds these virtues to be worthless and does not live by the rules and regulations that he was expected to follow. â€Å"The rule of good St. Benet or St. Maur/ as old and strict he tended to ignore† (177-178). Instead, he indulges himself in his worldly desires, such as wearing fine clothing and traveling around the country to hunt. Although the Monk’s title make him out to be a holy and honorable man, his actions prove otherwise. In The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, Chaucer manages to capture human nature in its various forms. Each pilgrim is their own person and each have unique characteristics that make them different from each other. This point is evident in the different descriptions of the people along with the tales that each of them tell. In the final analysis, the Knight and the Monk are two characters that are very different in many aspects such as the narrator’s opinion of them, their appearance, and most importantly, their actions. Although the Monk displays undesirable traits such as corruptness and distrustfulness, the Knight displays desirable traits such as respectfulness andShow MoreRelated The Historical Significance of Dantes Divine Comedy Essay2452 Words   |  10 Pagesrealized integration of life with art. More than being merely great poetry, or a chronicle of contemporary events, which it also is, the `Comedy is a study of human nature by a man quite experienced with it. The main argument I will make in this essay is that Dantes `Comedy is chiefly a work of historical significance because in it lies the essence of human life across all boundaries of time and place. I feel that such a reading is justified, nay invited, by Dante himself when he says; OhRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesenemies of Egypt. These figures were sent to the boundary forts and when Egypt was attacked the appropriate image was shattered in an act of sympathetic magic. The Hebrews were greatly influenced by Egypt and a similar idea lies behind the fictional tale of the Rabbi of Prague who created the Golem, a clay figure brought to life by Qabalistic spells and magic letters. We cannot be sure that the image making in the Picatrix was derived from Egypt as the execration texts are entirely different in method

The Significance of Blurred Gender Roles for the Key Male...

WORLD LITERATURE ASSIGMENT ONE The significance of blurred gender roles for the key male characters in ‘Kitchen’ and ‘Like Water For Chocolate’ Word Count: 1497 Banana Yoshimoto’s novella ‘Kitchen’ and ‘Like Water For Chocolate’ by Laura Esquivel explore the blurring of gender roles through the characterisation of the key male characters, Eriko and Pedro. The obscurity of gender roles is utilised by both authors as a literary tool in the formation of interpersonal relationships with the protagonists of each text. Furthermore both authors employ this blurring in the deconstruction of their respective audience’s societal expectations. Yoshimoto on the conventions of conservative 1980’s Japan, and Esquivel as a 3rd wave feminist writer†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhat an amazing life story!† The casual nonchalant tone of the dialogue between Mikage and Yuichi demonstrates an acceptance of the unconventional, transcending the limitations of normality in Tokyo’s urban setting. Through the employment of caesuras in the form of commas, questioning and quotations, a natural progres sion of conversation is portrayed. The use of colloquial diction creates an insouciant tone. Mikage’s enthusiastic response, underlined through the use of exclamation, and the positive diction, highlights her acceptance of Eriko’s difference. Through Eriko’s blurred gender role, Yoshimoto essentially entreats an acceptance of the unconventional ‘other’ on the conservative Japanese audience. The emasculation of Pedro in Esquivel’s novel deconstructs the prescriptive roles of romance and Mexican society, redefining the patriarchal context in a 3rd wave feminist ambition. Esquivel’s textual construction mirrors the genre of Mexican women’s fiction. Through these codes as a foundation of the novel’s structure, Esquivel parodies the formulaic roles of the feminine, and wages an assault on these constructs, empowering the women of the text. Furthermore the traditional romantic narrative arc in which the text follows is unhinged through Pedro’s emasculation, disregarding the male hero figure, and vilifying the expectations of a patriarchalShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesintroductory statistics, Roxy is also co-editor of Statistical Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry and a member of the editorial board for Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 4th edition. Outside the classroom and the ofï ¬ ce, Roxy likes to travel and spends her spare time reading mystery novels. She also collects Navajo rugs and heads to New Mexico whenever she can ï ¬ nd the time. CHRIS OLSEN has taught statistics at George Washington High School in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for over 25 yearsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesB y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s)Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 PsychologyRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of

Zeitoun Analysis Free Essays

Marcellus Lopez Mr. Buckley Honors American Literature September 20, 2011 Abdulrahman Zeitoun, Not Clark Kent Zeitoun, a fantastic novel by author Dave Eggers is a heroic tale of faith and courage set during Hurricane Katrina of August 2005, in New Orleans, Louisiana. The hardy protagonist of the chronicle is Abdulrahman Zeitoun, a Syrian man, living in Louisiana with his wife, Kathy, and his three daughters and stepson. We will write a custom essay sample on Zeitoun Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Zeitoun, a former sailor, used to storms and seas, at the time of the hurricane owned a contracting business, building, repairing, and painting. Zeitoun’s heroism and bravery have made very clear to me that being a hero is †¦ well, really damned stupid. If not that, then at the very least, being a hero is inadvisable and unwise. Zeitoun went far out of his way to help others in a whirlwind of charity and self-assurance. In doing so, he caused great damage to himself and those closest to him. Zeitoun went above and beyond what was asked of him to assist members of his community, ignoring the one thing asked of him by his worried wife, who demanded he evacuate with her and the family. Just as he had gotten into the momentum of routinely feeding some dogs abandoned by their owners daily, Zeitoun was arrested under false charges, rendering him unable to contact Kathy. His absence left his family distressed and disoriented. Kathy panicked hour by hour, praying to hear from her husband, with no such luck until much later. While Abdulrahman was missing, his family overseas was just as worried about him. His brother would call Kathy, personally urged to bend the truth about her husband’s whereabouts. While Zeitoun was imprisoned, his family scrambled to get but a word from, him, not to mention the dogs died. I would stop and think at times in the story, does Zeitoun take the time to assess whether the possible consequences are worth the good he is trying to do? His time in prison shows him reflecting on the good he’d done, as well as praying for a better situation, but I do not recall one time at which he says to himself that he definitely should have left New Orleans. Did he not expect at all that in all the paranoia of a critical hurricane in a post-9/11 society that a Middle Eastern Muslim man would be a target for bigotry and used as a scapegoat? Although, his imprisonment was completely unwarranted, along with the charges brought against him and accusations made against him, nothing should have been a surprise to Zeitoun. Zeitoun was either unequipped with the knowledge that this country’s ideals of justice are far from perfect and that the executive branch of our government is very prone to quick, harsh decisions and quick, definitive judgments†¦ or just not very thoughtful. The results of Zeitoun’s poor decision to stay in New Orleans stuck to Kathy for the rest of what we read of her life in Zeitoun. Kathy’s mental healthy was sacrificed all because Zeitoun foolishly remained in the city, with knowledge that a particularly dangerous storm was approaching. By the end of the story, I couldn’t help but notice how much Abdulrahman’s â€Å"courage† and â€Å"faith† resemble naivete. He stayed in New Orleans to ride out Katrina because he was obstinate and over-confident. It’s fair to say that having been a sailor, he was rugged enough to handle a hurricane, but with a family and the understanding that many other people get mixed up in the spiraling torrent of a natural disaster, it is also fair to say that he could not have been prepared enough. Zeitoun tells that he felt called by God to help people in the storm, but this, I deduce, was no more than a rush he felt from completing a successful rescue. Everyone wants to be a hero. The sensation of doing good for others does more good for the good-doer than should be done. One of my favorite lyrics says, â€Å"When you help others, you can’t help helping yourself. † For a man to be so complacent with an unpredictable force of nature that he would be willing to let it come and see what happens is indubitably foolish. Abdulrahman refusing to evacuate with his wife very closely resembles a child on a playground, shouting to his mother, â€Å"No, Mommy! I don’t wanna go! † Zeitoun, an informative novel by author Dave Eggers is a tale about how faith and â€Å"courage† can really screw things up. The foolhardy protagonist of the chronicle, Abdulrahman Zeitoun, shows us how being over-confident and letting ourselves become too comfortable can lastingly repercuss on the lives of our wife and family. Zeitoun’s over-confidence and naivete have made it absolutely clear that trying to be a hero is really damned stupid. How to cite Zeitoun Analysis, Essay examples

Trail of Tears vs. the Long Walk of the Navajo free essay sample

They both had a culture that focused upon hunting and gathering, UT they also had to focus on finding an eventual homeland. The government of the United Sates stripped them of their rights and forced them to stray away from their traditional culture. Many lives were lost, but more importantly the pride of the Navajo and the Cherokee was lost as well. The Cherokee suffered the largest loss when being compared to the Navajo. They were brave and listened to the government, but they still lost their tribal land. During the 1 asss the East coast was burdened with new settlers and becoming vastly populated. President Andrew Jackson and the government had to find a way to move people to the West to make room. He passed the Indian Removal Policy nil 830. The Indian Removal Policy, which called for the removal of Native Americans from the Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the Georgia area. They also moved their capital Echoed in Tennessee to the new capital called New Echoed, Georgia and then they eventually moved to the Indian Territory.The Indian Territory was declared in the Act of Congress in 1830 with the Indian Removal Policy. The government of the United States did not really try all that hard to avoid the conflict even though they knew what kind of tragedy it would cause. According to President Andrew Jackson: Humanity and national honor demand that every effort should be made to avert so great a calamity. It is too late to inquire whether it was just in the united States to include them and their territory within the bounds of the new States, whose limits they could control (Filler IS).Alias Button, Major Ridge, and John Ridge accepted the responsibility for the removal of the Cherokee, which was one of the largest tribes in the Southeast that were the earliest to adapt to European ways. There was a war involving the Cherokee and the Chickasaws before the Indian Removal Policy was passed. The Cherokee were defeated by the Chickasaws, which caused Chief Dragging Canoe to sign a treaty in 1777 to split up their tribe and have the portion Of the tribe in Chattanooga, Tennessee called the Chicagoan. Chief Doubleheader of the Chicagoan, a branch of the Cherokee, signed a treaty to give away their lands.Tribal law says Death to any Cherokee who proposed t o sell or exchange tribal land. Chief Doubleheader was later executed by Major Ridge. There was another treaty signed in December 29, 1835 which is called The Treaty of New Echoed. It was signed by a party of 500 Cherokee out of about 17,000. Between 1785 and 1 902 twenty-five treaties were signed with white men to give up their tribal lands (Woodward 192-205). The Cherokee would find themselves in a nightmare for the next year. In 1838 General Winfield Scott got tired of delaying this longer than the 2 years he waited already so he took charge in collecting the Cherokee.The Cherokee were taken from their homes and their belongings. They were placed in holding camps so no one would escape. The Cherokee were to be moved in the fall of 1838, but the journey did not occur in October, 1838 because of bad weather. They were now supposed to move 13,000 Cherokee in the bring of 1 839 a distance of eight-hundred miles. The Cherokee were not fed enough so they suffered from malnutrition. They were badly clothed for the spring and many caught diseases, which caused death. The Cherokee that knew the woodlands were able to escape.The white men couldnt find them without the help of other Cherokee and bribes. During the eight-hundred mile trek many children and spouses were separated from their families. About one-third of the original Cherokee they collected died in the holding camps and between the trek from the Southeast section of the Union to Indian Territory. In the words of a British officer, Lithely are like the Devils pig, they will neither lead nor drive (Woodward Preface). They would have to learn a new way of life and adjust. They lost their Negro slaves, and their possessions (Brachia 35).The Cherokee were farmers, and their new land was infertile. The land was meant for cattle raising, which they didnt know ho to do. They built a capital city called Tattletale, and their nation was declared in September 6, 1839. John Ross who was elected by the Cherokee as the president Of the Cherokee nation in 1827 continues his roll in the land, shared tit another seventy tribes. They had opened up schools in the Indian Territory to continue their education for their children. The first Cherokee school opened in 1801 when the people were learning their language.Their written language, which consists of 85 characters, was said to be created by a Sequoia (1760-1843), a Cherokee leader. The Cherokee had mixed blood from the early British settlers and traders. Therefore, the Cherokee were educated in both languages. For over half a century the Cherokee have abstained from becoming American Citizens until 1906 when the Unites States made all tribal embers U. S. Citizens. A year later the Indian Territory was admitted into the Union as the state of Oklahoma. During this period many Cherokee started breaking away and mixing their blood.In 1930 forty-five thousand two hundred thirty-eight Cherokee left Oklahoma and headed East from where they came (Brachia 9). The 10,000 Cherokee that survived the Trail Of Tears and the other Cherokee that were not taken for the removal slowly gained back in population in a century. The Tattletale Agency in Oklahoma has said there were 42,992 Cherokee living in Tattletale in 1982. The U. S. Census has shown 293,074 Cherokee are living in more than 30 states in the United States. Now the Cherokee Nation is under control of the first woman chief.In November 1983 Wilma Manlier was elected to the office of the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee survived the hardships of the Trail of Tears and the loss of their loved ones. Their population continues to grow despite losing everything that belonged to them (Brachia 9). When the United States assumed control of the Southwest the Navajo had been at war with the Spanish and the New Mexicans for over 250 years. In 1862 Gene. James H. Carleton, territorial commander in the Southwest, reposed removing all the Navajo from their homeland east to Fort Sumner.Led by Kit Carson, more than 8,000 Navajo were herded into Fort Canny and Fort Winning. Carbons men and the soldiers who will follow them over the next year will lay Dinette to waste, burning homes and fields of corn and wheat, destroying stores of food, girdling peach trees, killing more Navajo by starvation than with bullets (Brachia 1 15). In August of 1 863 the first group of Navajo began their 400 mile journey. It took the Navajo three weeks to reach Fort Sumner, where hundred of Indians perished. By the time he Navajo reached Fort Sumner their clothing was tattered and their children were dying.Similar to the Trail of Tears the Navajo that were arriving at the fort had tears in their eyes because they were forced to leave their beloved land. In a way the Long Walk of the Navajo was also seen as a trail of tears. Carbons orders at the time were to not make peace with any of the Navajo and to destroy anyone that opposed the rules that were being put into place. In 1868 the reservation was declared a national scandal and the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland. You have deceived us o often and robbed and murdered our people too long to trust you again at large in your own country.This war shall be pursued against you if it takes years, now that we have begun, until you cease to exist or move. There can be no other talk on the subject. (Brachia 117). These words about robbery and murder applied to the actions of the whites rather than the accused Navajo. More Navajo than white men were killed and thousands of Navajo remained slaves in the hands of the Mexicans (Brachia 117 ; 120). In 1962, when the Spanish started to invade their way into New Mexico, the Navajo lied with the Pueblos to resist the white invaders. A continual war existed between the Navajo and the New Mexicans, which eventually helped lead to the Navajo Long Walk. Apparently every time the Navajo signed a treaty, it was broken by the New Mexicans. In 1845, when the United Sates annexed Texas, they took possession of all of Mexico Northern provinces. In August of 1 946, Gene Stephen Carney declared control over all citizens of the Territory Of New Mexico, including Indian tribes. America thought that the Navajo would make a peace treaty binding all Navajo, but that was not the ease.The Navajo were considered independent and if another province made a treaty, they would ignore it and continue to makes raids. The United States did not take this very well because if one Navajo committed a crime then the IS. S. Believed that all Navajo should be punished. The Americans totally took away the land that was rightfully theirs, but more importantly they took away their pride. The Navajo fled before them, looking down from the heights above while there harass went up in flames. All their horses and sheep were killed, the canyon floor was left bare, and the spirit of theIndians was broken (Coolidge 25). Although the Long Walk of the Navajo caused fewer casualties than the Trail of Tears, it seems that it was more of a political issue involving a corrupt government In today word something like this would never occur, and if it die their would be a mass riot against the government. Americans! You have a strange cause for war against the Navajo. We have waged war against the New Mexicans for many years. You have lately commenced a war against the same people. You have therefore conquered them, the very same thing we have been attempting to do for so many years.You now turn upon us for attempting what you have done to yourselves. We cannot see why you have cause to quarrel with us for fighting the New Mexicans on the west, while you do the same on the east (Brachia 144). These were remarks made by Maroon, who was a well respected elder of the Navajo (Coolidge 23-30) It is obvious to see that the destruction caused to the Cherokee was much more fatal than the punishment inflicted to the Navajo, but that should not take anything away from them. Both of these tribes at one time were forced to flee their homeland and everything that they were familiar with. They were forced to adapt to a new culture and a new way of life. The attitude of the government of the United States during those time periods was corrupt and insensitive. In todays world the people of the United States would not allow such a tragedy to happen. The Cherokee and the Navajo had established a culture that they were used to, but the united States flipped the script and forced a move that caused the loss of many people. The Cherokee and the Navajo are considered people as well as Indians. The government at the time may not have taken this into consideration as silly as it sounds.

Beethovens 7th Symphony essays

Beethoven's 7th Symphony essays Beethoven's 7th Symphony First, a little history on why this piece is different than Beethoven's other Symphonies. After Beethoven's marathon concert of December 1808, which included the first performances of his Fifth and Sixth Symphonies, the city of Vienna was not to hear a new Beethoven symphony for some five years. The long-awaited Seventh was completed about May of 1812. The Seventh can be seen as Beethoven's atypical use of the wind instruments as a self-contained group in the orchestra, rather than as the amplifier of an essentially string-dominated texture or as a collection of soloists dependent upon string accompaniment. The special treatment of the wind plays as important role in the shaping of the work, although Beethoven's orchestra here is the same size as that of his first two symphonies, he can expand his material by setting large instrumental groups against each other. In the Vivace itself, which is in sonata form, the normal roles of string and wind are sometimes actually reversed, so that (for example) it is the wind - and led by the flute rather than, more conventionally, by the trumpet - which gets to play the opening statement of the first subject. The second movement's rhythm, its ABA form (modified, and with a coda recalling both elements) and its tonal organization (the B section is in the parallel key of A major and gives prominence to the wind) each underscore its relationship to the somber processional march of the early 19th century. Though the form of scherzo, ABABA', has become standard in this Beethoven symphony, it's remote key relation between the principal section and the t rio (F major - D major) was something new; what is more, Beethoven emphasizes the tonal distance between them by basic differences in tempo, phrase construction and the use of the orchestra. Then he bound together these two seemingly irreconcilable musical entities. As a result, Beethoven is able not only to reinforce the forti...

Plastic Surgery Essays

Plastic Surgery Essays Plastic Surgery Essay Plastic Surgery Essay also known as ultrasonic liposuction the cannula is energized with ultrasound. This makes the fat melt away on contact the ultrasound vibrations burst the walls of the fat cells, emulsifying the fat (liquefying it) and making it easier to suction out. This method is a good choice for working on more fibrous areas, such as the male breast, back, and in areas where liposuction had been done before. UAL is especially useful for stubborn fat accumulations. However, longer incisions in the skin are needed for this procedure, and there is a risk of skin or internal burns. This procedure takes longer than the others, because it is often done alongside tumescent liposuction. It is also more expensive. After ultrasonic liposuction, it is necessary to perform suction-assisted liposuction to remove the liquefied fat. UAL techniques were initially linked with cases of tissue damage, generally because of over-exposure to ultrasound energy. A third-generation UAL device the Vaser Lipo system prevents this problem by using pulsed energy delivery and a specialized probe that allows surgeons to safely remove excess fat. * Power-assisted liposuction (PAS) , also known as Powered liposuction uses a specialized cannula with a mechanized system that rapidly moves back-and-forth, allowing the surgeon to pull out fat more easily. It is similar to traditional UAL, but the surgeon does not need to make so many manual movements, as in other methods. This method may sometimes cause less swelling and pain, and may allow the surgeon to remove fat with more precision, especially in smaller areas. * Laser Assisted Lipolysis (LAL) , or laser-guided lipo requires the use of tumescent fluid. It is a far less invasive and bloody procedure than the traditional liposuction method for removing fat. A microcannula is inserted through a small incision to deliver laser energy and heat into subcutaneous fat (fat under the skin). The liposuction cannula this is a stainless steel tube, which is inserted through an incision in the skin and is used to suction the fat (suck the fat out). The liposuction microcannula is a very small cannula with an inside diameter of less than 3 mm (some experts define them with less than 2. 2mm diameter). Liposuction surgery tools The size of the cannula can influence how smooth the skin is after liposuction. Large cannulae tend to create irregularities more commonly than microcannulas. Large cannulae are more frequently used for total-body liposuction. After an area has been prepared for treatment, a small cut is made (sometimes several, depending on the size of the area), and a microcannula is inserted into the cut. The microcannula is attached to a special vacuum machine. The microcannula first loosens and then sucks the fat out of the area. Draining out excess fluid and blood after the operation the surgeon may leave the incisions open so that fluid can drain from the body. After the liposuction operation * Anesthetic patients who underwent a general anesthetic usually spend the night in hospital. Those who had a local anesthetic may be able to leave hospital on the same day. Patients should not drive for at least 24 hours after receiving an anesthetic. * Support bandages the patient will be fitted with either an elasticated support corset or bandages for the targeted area after the operation. They help reduce inflammation and bruising. They should be worn for several weeks. It is important to follow the doctors advice on keeping the area clean and how to do this. * Antibiotics patients may be given antibiotics immediately after the operation. * Painkillers the doctor will most likely prescribe or recommend analgesics (painkillers) to relieve pain and inflammation. * Stitches the patient will be given a follow-up appointment to have the stitches removed. * Bruising there will be significant bruising in the targeted area. The amount of bruising is usually linked to how big the targeted area was. The bruising may go on for several weeks; in some cases for as long as six months. * Numbness patients may experience numbness in the area where fat was removed. This should improve within six to eight weeks. Results patients and their doctors will not be able to fully appreciate the results of liposuction until the inflammation has gone down, which in some cases may take several months. Typically, most of the swelling will have settled after about four weeks and the area where fat was removed should appear less bulky. Patients who maintain their weight can usually expect permanent results. Those who gain weight after the procedure may find that their fat distribution alters. Those who previously had fat accumulating in their hips might find that their buttocks become the new problem area. If a patient has thought everything through carefully beforehand, talked to their GP and surgeon about their aims, motives and expectation, the surgeon is skilled and well qualified, and there are no complications, most patients are pleased with their results. What are the risks of liposuction? Any type of major surgery carries a risk of bleeding, infection and an adverse reaction to anesthesia. Risk of complications is usually associated with how large the procedure is, as well as the surgeons skills and specific training. The following risks, unpleasant side effects, or complications are possible: * Bad bruising this is especially the case if patients have been taking anti-inflammatory medications or aspirin. Patients with a tendency to bleed are also at higher risk of bad bruising. * Inflammation the swelling in some cases may take up to six months to settle. Sometimes fluid may continue to ooze from the incisions. Thrombophlebitis a blood clot forms in a vein, causing inflammation of that vein. This may affect liposuction patients, especially inside the knee and on the inside of the upper thigh (when these areas have been treated). * Contour irregularities if the patient has poor skin elasticity, has healed in an unusual way, or fat removal has been uneven, the skin may appear withered, wavy or bumpy. This undesirable result may be permanent. The cannula may cause da mage that makes the skin appear spotted. Seromas may form under the skin (temporary pockets of fluid), which may need to be drained. Numbness the area that was worked on may feel numb for a while; this is usually only temporary. There may also be temporary nerve irritation. * Infections although rare, skin infections may occur after liposuction surgery. Sometimes this needs to be treated surgically, with the risk of scarring. * Internal organ punctures this is very rare. If the cannula goes in too deeply one of the internal organs may be punctured. Further surgery may be required. Internal organ punctures can be life-threatening. * Death anesthesia carries with it a small risk of death. Kidney or heart problems as fluids are being injected and or suctioned, the change in the bodys fluid levels may cause kidney or heart problems. * Pulmonary embolism fat gets into the blood vessels and travels to the lungs, blocking the lungs. This can be life-threatening. * Pulmonary edema th is may be a result of fluid being injected into the body. Fluid accumulates in the lungs. * Allergic reaction there may be an allergic reaction to medications or material used during surgery. * Skin burns the cannula movement may cause friction burns to the skin or nerves. Lidocaine toxicity in the super-wet or tumescent methods, too much saline fluid may be pumped into the body, or the fluid may have excessively high concentrations of lidocaine. If lidocaine levels are too high for the patients system he/she may experience lidocaine poisoning (toxicity) initially they will experience tingling and numbness, then seizures, followed by unconsciousness, and possibly respiratory or cardiac arrest. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/244066. php What Is A Facelift? What Is A Rhytidectomy? Editors Choice Main Category: Cosmetic Medicine / Plastic Surgery Article Date: 12 Apr 2012 13:00 PST email to a friend    printer friendly    opinions Current ratings for: What Is A Facelift? What Is A Rhytidectomy? Patient / Public:| | 2 (4 votes)| Healthcare Prof:| | | Article opinions:|   1 posts| | A facelift is a surgical procedure that is typically used to give a more youthful appearance to the face. Technically, it is also called a rhytidectomy. This type of cosmetic surgery reshapes the lower one-third of the face by removing excess facial skin. Some facelift procedures also include the tightening of underlying tissues. To achieve the best result, it is often combined with other additional procedures addressing the forehead, cheeks, brows and eyes. According to statistics, facelifts are increasingly popular among both men and women. The first facelift was performed in Berlin in 1901 by surgeon Eugen Hollander. According to Medilexicons medical dictionary, a rhytidectomy is: Literally, excision of wrinkles. Usually used to designate rejuvenative surgery of the cheeks and neck performed by tightening the facial supporting structures and excising excess skin; face-lift. The facelift procedure The traditional facelift. An incision is made in front of the ear extending up into the hair or hairline. The incision stretches downward in front of the ear, comes under the ear and then upward behind the ear. It then ends in the hair or hairline behind the ear. If necessary, the deeper tissues of the face can be tightened. The excess skin is removed. The incisions are then closed with sutures and staples. In some cases a drain is placed under the skin behind the ear to drain off any excess blood and fluids. This drainage tube is removed a day or two after the procedure. Then bandages are applied. New surgical techniques There are new methods for performing facelifts. New surgical options are constantly being developed. These advances aim at improving cosmetic procedures: * Lasers: A face-lift procedure called laser neck and jaw liposculpture and resurfacing, uses lasers. This can be done through a one-inch incision under the chin using only a local anesthetic. * Endoscopy: Endoscopic techniques are now used to do face lifts and brow lifts. This method allows for smaller incisions. As a result, there are fewer traumas to tissues, and a faster recovery time. Facial structures are raised, and there is no need to cut away folds of skin. However, this type of procedure also depends on the patient. * Liposuction: This method is used to remove focal deposits of fat in the face. It is usually used in the area between the chin and neck. Liposuction can be combined with a face lift or performed separately. Face lift surgery can last from two to five hours. It can be performed in an outpatient facility with local anesthetics and sedatives to relax the patient. However, in some cases surgery can be performed under general anesthesia and the patient may stay in the hospital overnight. Facelifts are effectively combined with eyelid surgery and other facial procedures. The result of a facelift is a smoother, more youthful appearance. The procedure removes and tightens sagging skin. The droop of the cheeks around the jaw line is reduced. The corners of the mouth are lifted and the creases between the cheeks and lips are diminished. The results usually last between five to ten years. Ads by Google Most Advanced Liposuction New Technique Simple Safe Effective Faster Recovery Free Consultation HealthPathwayIntl. Com Mens Skin Centres Enjoy Power Tummy Sculpting @RM190. Tough ABS the easy way, Sign Up Now www. MenSkinCentre. com. my/Body Bladder Weakness Understand Incontinence Management And learn How TENA Can Help you Tena. com. my/Info The incisions in front of and behind the ear are usually not noticeable. For a satisfactory and pleasing result, the adequate techniques are required in each individual case. In men, achieving a natural appearance following surgery can be more challenging because men have hair in front of their ears (sideburns). The sideburns can be pulled backwards and upwards. This may result in an odd look. In both men and women, one of the obvious signs of having had a facelift is a distorted earlobe. If skin is removed in excess, the face can assume a pulled-back or startled appearance. Additional procedures to supplement the facelift may be necessary for optimal results, including neck lift, eyelid surgery, liposuction, fat injection, removal of cheek fat, forehead lift, brow lift, chemical or laser peel, and cheek or chin implants. What are the complications of facelift surgery? Complications of facelift surgery are infrequent cosmetic procedures are generally safe. However, any surgery comes with some risk. The risks and complications of facelift surgery include: * Bleeding * Bruising * Complications of anesthesia * Damage to the facial nerves controlling muscles (usually temporary) * Hematoma (inflammation, pain, swelling and redness) * Infection * Loss of hair although uncommon (around the incision site) * Numbness (can improve within days or weeks) * Scarring * Skin necrosis (tissue death) * Unevenness between two sides of the face * Widening or thickening of scar Recommendations for facelift surgery Most patients are very pleased with the results of their facelifts. The following points should be discussed and considered before going forward with a facelift procedure: * Undergoing a facelift surgery is not recommended for anyone with serious medical problems. * The individual who is considering undergoing the procedure should be in good general health. * The risk of postoperative complications is increased in cigarette smokers. * There is a higher risk of complications for patients with high blood pressure and diabetes. * The patient should have reasonable expectations. Surgery will not detain the overall aging process. * Patient should be psychologically stable. For best results, patient should have good skin elasticity and bone structure. * Patients should abstain from taking aspirin or other blood thinners for at least one week prior to surgery. Prior to surgery, the plastic surgeon will review the patients medical history. There will be analysis and evaluation of blood pressure, blood clotting, medications, cigarette smoking, drug use, aller gies, scarring, and skin condition. Moreover, the plastic surgeon will discuss with the patient what the surgery will involve, where it will take place, the type of anesthesia used, the recovery, and potential complications that may develop. The surgeon and patient should discuss thoroughly what the goals and expectations of the surgery are, according to the skin type and bone structure. Recovery after your facelift Pain and discomfort are usually minimal and medication can be given to relieve tenderness. Most patients do experience a slight discomfort after a facelift. Bruising and swelling can persist for a few days. Recovery time is usually one week but activities can begin the day after the procedure. Sutures are removed about five to ten days after surgery. Incisions and bandages must be kept dry and the patient should follow the specific instructions about bathing and washing. Vigorous activity should be avoided for some time. Following doctors directives is crucial and will speed the healing process, allowing for the best possible result. Full recovery takes about two to three weeks while bruises heal and swelling diminishes. Some numbness and muscle stiffness is normal for some time. Scars can take nearly a year to fade and tone down. Most patients are very satisfied with the results of their facelift. They feel that they have recovered a more youthful appearance. Both men and women enjoy their rejuvenated look. The results of a facelift can last approximately 10 years. Genetics and lifestyle factors play a role in aging and the appearance of skin. A healthy lifestyle, including not smoking or drinking alcohol, limiting stress, sun exposure and contact with pollutants can help extend the beneficial effects of the facelift surgery. Written By: Christian Nordqvist Copyright: Medical News Today Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today ehow. com/about_4759600_negative-effects-cosmetic-surgery. html Cosmetic surgery was designed to make the human body look better. Thousands of people have these operations done every year to change their face and body. What many of these people dont realize is that there are negative effects to the surgery, ranging from emotional issues to cost and the risks they take when they lie on the table. Read more: Negative Effects of Cosmetic Surgery | eHow. com ehow. com/about_4759600_negative-effects-cosmetic-surgery. html#ixzz2MJ8Tv73M 1. Side Effects * Though thousands of people undergo cosmetic and plastic surgery every year, there are some side effects to the procedures. This varies depending on the exact operation. Some patients have experienced headaches, nausea and prolonged pain. Another common side effect reported is inflammation surrounding the area of the body where the procedure was done. These side effects generally dissipate over time but can be bad in the beginning. Individuals may also experience bruising in areas of their body. Cost * When people decide to undergo cosmetic surgery, they often consult a professional who gives them an estimate as to the cost. This estimate isnt a binding contract, but a guess as to how much the procedure will cost. The actual cost can rise dramatically over this estimate, leading patients to suffer pressure to pay the entire amount even if they cannot afford it. When the cost is spread out over a payment plan, it can cause more stress. * Sponsored Links * Mens Skin Centres Enjoy Power Tummy Sculpting @RM190. Tough ABS the easy way, Sign Up Now www. MenSkinCentre. com. my/Body Emotional Effects * The emotional effects on patients well-being are one of the negative effects of cosmetic surgery. While they go under the knife to fix a problem they see on the outside, this sometimes only serves as a bandage on the larger problem. After the surgery they continue to suffer from a body image distortion. A small number of patients continue to go back to the surgeon to fix other problems they see instead of trying to find a real solution to the problem. Risks * Risks are a negative side effect of cosmetic surgery because theyre dramatic and varying. Whenever an individual steps under the knife, they open themselves up to risks associated with the surgery. There are cases of individuals dying on the operating table, even during a routine procedure. The individual also has to worry about risks associated with an infections, allergic reactions and organ failure. These only occur in a small number of cases, but they are still something to consider. Scarring * Scarring is something that many people dont consider when it comes to cosmetic surgery. However, in certain cases this type of surgery can leave behind lasting scars that dont fade over time. Breast augmentation and liposuction are two of the more popular procedures that cause scarring. The surgeon can later attempt to correct the scarring or reduce the appearance, but this doesnt always work. Read more: Negative Effects of Cosmetic Surgery | eHow. com ehow. com/about_4759600_negative-effects-cosmetic-surgery. tml#ixzz2MJ8Lyhnl buzzle. com/articles/bad-effects-of-plastic-surgery. html Negative Effects of Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is often associated with a picture-perfect look, free of wrinkles, blemishes, scars and any other physical problem, almost undermining the risks involved in the procedure. Even after the significant progress in technology, plastic surgery still involves many side effects and dangers. To know about the negative effects of plastic surgery, read on. Ads by Google KL Aesthetic Laser Centre Remove acne scars fine lines. Improve your skin texture. Visit us www. MedivironUOA. com Plastic surgery is the surgical method of correcting or restoring body parts and their functions. The word plastic comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means to mold. This surgery also involves molding or shaping the body features and parts either for enhancing the appearance of an individual or for restoring a deformed body part and its functions. Accordingly plastic surgery is categorized into two main fields, cosmetic surgery for enhancing looks and beauty, and reconstructive surgery, which is carried out for the purpose of restoration of damaged body parts. Reconstructive plastic surgery is mainly performed in the case of severe burns, injuries, congenital defects and developmental abnormalities of organs, infections or diseases and for cancer or tumor removal. The history of plastic surgery, especially for reconstructive purposes, dates back to 2000 BC, India. Today, we have witnessed an increase in the popularity of plastic surgery, mainly for cosmetic purposes. No doubt cosmetic surgery can effectively reshape the body parts to give you a beautiful and young look, free of wrinkles and scars and thereby boost your morale. However, several bad or negative effects may also be associated with the process, which can range from financial to physical and psychological effects. Ill Effects of Plastic Surgery Cost Plastic surgery is a very expensive procedure, which involves skin grafting. It can put tremendous financial pressure on you and your family. While assessing the cost of this surgery, people tend to take into account only the cost of the surgery, and completely overlook the unexpected cost that can arise from postoperative complications and the hospital charges they ave to shell out in case they have to stay back in the hospital for any postoperative procedure. People also forget to consider the cost of postoperative medications, which cant be avoided, as not taking them can result in further complications. In all, plastic surgery is a costly and complicated affair and considerable care and precautions need to be followed after the surgery. Surgical Risks Plastic surgery involves several surgical ri sks like pain, infections, allergic reactions, nausea and vomiting, which are commonly associated with any kind of surgery. In addition to these, drug reaction, implant rejection, pigmentation, blood clots, skin necrosis and nerve damage on the particular area are some of common adverse effects of this surgery that may give rise to many complications. The process may produce additional risks for smokers, as they are more likely to face problems like delay in healing wounds, increased risk of infection, bruising, and pulmonary problems. In rare cases, plastic surgery can lead to heavy blood loss and organ failure. Psychological Impact Patients opting for plastic surgery, especially cosmetic surgery, should be very well aware that the results they obtain might differ from what they were expecting before they went under the knife. Sometimes these procedures can leave behind scars that may not go away with time. This can have a lasting psychological effect on patients, plunging them into depression. People suffer from intense regret and anger toward themselves and the doctor for a procedure gone horribly wrong, not to mention embarrassment and criticism they might face from friends and family. It has been observed that many individuals undergoing plastic surgery tend to suffer from an obsession with their look. This can cause an addiction and may impel them to undergo plastic surgery several times. A common psychological disorder in this regard is known as body dysmorphic disorder, where people develop such a distorted and weird perception of their body that they cant be satisfied with any look. But sometimes plastic surgery becomes inevitable, especially for reconstructing damaged parts of the body caused by burns, accidents or any inborn abnormality. Before opting for plastic surgery, patients must be well aware of every risk that is associated with this procedure. It is very essential to discuss every aspect of the method and the cost involved with your plastic surgeon. It is also advisable to research properly before selecting a qualified and certified surgeon. Look for his professional records, affiliations, medical accreditation, etc. to ensure you are in safe hands. Follow the instructions of your surgeon to avoid any surgical and post-surgical complication and be mentally strong and prepared to handle the repercussions, if any. By Chandramita Bora Last Updated: 3/8/2012 Read more at Buzzle: buzzle. com/articles/bad-effects-of-plastic-surgery. html ehow. com/facts_4829741_positive-effects-plastic-surgery. html Positive Effects of Plastic Surgery By Mark Orwell, eHow Contributor * * * * Print this article Plastic surgery is often met with skepticism and distrust. This is probably due to pictures of botched surgery or people who simply have too much work done. For the most part, though, plastic surgery is actually very good for you. It has both physical and psychological benefits, as long as you dont go overboard with too many surgeries. Other People Are Reading * Pros Cons of Plastic Surgery * Benefits of Plastic Surgeries 1. Re-contouring * This is the process of plastic surgery that includes procedures such a liposuction, which involves the removal of fat from the body. Not only does this make you look more attractive, but controlled liposuction can remove safe amounts of fat from your body to aid in overall health. Confidence * This is a big benefit that comes along with plastic surgery. Confidence makes people psychologically fit and happy, and generally improves their style of life. Sponsored Links * 2013 Post-Match SOAP March 11 NRMP Unfilled List in hand. FAQ: Where should I apply? ElectronicResidency. com Wounds Accidents * Many people go to a plastic surgeon because they have been in some kind of accident. In order to reduce major scarring, plastic surgery is required. Age-Defiance * The affects of aging can be prolonged or reversed with plastic surgery. Wrinkles can be removed as well as age spots and s agging skin. When kept to a minimum, plastic surgery can take years off your apparent age. Safety Many people claim that plastic surgery is not safe. However, modern surgeries are actually very safe and new technologies make them safer every day. In fact, the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery recently released a report stating that modern skin grafting techniques are safe and effective for certain plastic surgery augmentations. Read more: Positive Effects of Plastic Surgery | eHow. com ehow. com/facts_4829741_positive-effects-plastic-surgery. html#ixzz2MJBJBoKh eruptingmind. com/what-motivates-people-to-have-plastic-surgery/

How has Christ been Understood to be Present in the Eucharist Essay

How has Christ been Understood to be Present in the Eucharist - Essay Example This essay stresses that Christ is not only the author and minister of each sacrament, but equally the exemplar of the grace which each sacrament is designed to realise, by naming explicitly the grace or virtue conveyed in and through each sacrament. In the Eucharist, this particular grace is self-giving. Macquarrie forwards the idea that through these sacraments, â€Å"things† which are considered otherwise ordinary are taken to new spiritual levels, or people’s understanding of them have, by virtue of the persistence of their faith, undergone intense deepening. Hence, bread which is of the earth and which human hands have made become the â€Å"Word of Life† and Wine, normally considered the fruit of the vine and a product of human toil and labor, becomes the â€Å"spiritual drink† and the â€Å"cup of our salvation†. This paper makes a conclusion that there is no doubt that the Eucharist is very important in the Anglican Church. No one by a bishop or presbyter may administer the Eucharist and it mandates that â€Å"pure wheaten bread and wine, being the fermented juice of the grape, are the necessary elements of the Sacrament.† The doctrine of the Catholic Church and the Anglican Church with respect to Transubstantiation was one and the same. When the reign of Edward VI ushered in a more Protestant ideology, transubstantiation was refuted and denied. The Doctrine of Transubstantiation, many Anglicans believe, tend to obscure the deeper meaning of the Eucharist.

Econ160 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Econ160 - Essay Example My parents belongs to several generation of Guanxi where I am expected to inherit his position. If I will be living in China, I better be sure with the place that I will live. It is because the Chinese government prohibits the reselling of houses as their policy response to avoid speculation in the housing industry. I will be stuck in the house that I will choose for a very long period of time so I better take my time before buying a house. Unlike in the US where the housing market is determined by market forces as enunciated by Friedman in the book Capitalism and Freedom where price and availability is determined by the law of supply and demand where I can resell my house anytime I want it subject to the same law (supply and demand), Chinese government will just not allow the resell and even pegged the price. China may now allows private ownership of houses only with restrictions. With my present economic stature, I believe I would be able to afford a house and not in a crampy apartment or shoebox as what Hedrick Smith had described in his book The Russians. Only that my house will not form part of my estate where I can resell for profit or I will go to jail. If I will be in China, choosing my occupation will be partly determined with how the â€Å"opportunities† present to me. Unlike in the US where choosing an occupation is determined by personal preference and applying on it base on merit, it will be different in China. The cliche its whom you know more than what you know applies. If my father belongs to a Guanxi or the network of power elites, he may recommend me to some of his associates in the network as expounded by McGregor in his book The Party and will accept whatever occupation that will be given to me. From there, my future will be secured because I will be under the patronage and care of my father’s Guanxi and I will later develop my own network. I will first learn the rope of the business until I

Analyze Capital Budgeting Methodologies (NPV, IRR, MIRR, etc..) Research Paper

Analyze Capital Budgeting Methodologies (NPV, IRR, MIRR, etc..) - Research Paper Example Some of the major capital budgeting techniques are: 2. Where â€Å"NPV† is â€Å"zero†, it is acceptable to the organization as it promises equal return to the required rate of return. However, the organization is in differential towards such a project, as it gives no profit. This technique uses discounted cash flows in its analysis, which makes it one of the most accurate capital budgeting techniques. This is because it incorporates and considers both the risk and time variable aspect of the project. Therefore, it measures the net benefit of the project in today’s currency terms (Accounting4managment, n.d). One of the major limitations of NPV method is its difficulty to make accurate forecast of the future cash flows and another is its vulnerability of manipulation through different discount rates as there is no standard to set a discount rate (Michel, 2001). Internal Rate of Return or also called yield on project is actually the rate of return of the investment project earned over the useful life of the project. The benefits and cost of the project are equal to each other at this discount rate. In other words, it is the discount rate where the NPV of the project is zero (Accounting4managment, n.d). There is no specific direct formula for manual calculation of IRR. Instead, the calculation is based on the equation where NPV id zero using various cash flows at different discount rates. However, it can be easily calculated on Excel and financial calculators. 1. Where â€Å"IRR† of the project is greater or equal to â€Å"project’s cost of capital†, the organization accepts the project as it indicates that the return is higher than what organization pay to borrow money for the project. 2. Where â€Å"IRR† of the project is lower than the â€Å"project’s cost of capital†, the organization rejects the project indicating that it would obviously not prefer to receive a return lower than what they pay to borrow

Cogeneration And Trigeneration Methods Engineering Essay

Cogeneration And Trigeneration Methods Engineering Essay Cogeneration and trigeneration are methods used for producing more than one useful form of energy from only one energy source. These two methods in todays world are very important because efficiency, fuel prices and emissions are a great a concern. Both methods give the opportunity to increase efficiency drastically up to 60% to 80% which is much more than the conventional power plant which has an efficiency of about 30%.  [1]   The 60% to 80% efficiencies that both methods present have a great effect on cost savings, reduced air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, increased power reliability and quality, reduced grid congestion and avoided distribution losses.  [2]  All these factors mentioned, as discussed before are all important and cogeneration and trigeneration help achieve this. Both systems are normally combined but I will explain both cogeneration and trigeneration separately and then give examples were these systems are used in real life. Cogeneration Cogeneration is also known as combined heat and power (CHP). Plants using a cogeneration system use the exhaust of for example a reciprocating engine to heat the premises. This means that instead of throwing away the exhaust, it is being reused but this time as heat energy. This is done by using a heat exchanger to transfer heat from the exhaust gas to process heat. Cogeneration produces a given amount of electric power and process heat with 10% to 30% less fuel than it takes to produce the electricity and process heat separately.  [3]   Cogeneration Combined Heat and Power Figure 1: Cogeneration diesel engine generator plant  [4]   Figure 1 above shows a diesel engine driving a generator. Fuel in the form of natural gas, bio gas or bio diesel is used to run the engine. The engine is coupled to a generator which produces electricity. The plant above shows two heat exchangers, one for cooling the engine and raising the used cold water coming from process heat and the other is an exhaust gas heat exchanger only to raise again the temperature of the water for process heat. The water cooling the engine which is normally at around 90oC enters the heat exchanger (bottom one) which by heat transfers and the second law of thermodynamics is cooled but the cold waters temperature is raised. In the exhaust gas heat exchanger the temperature of the water already heated in the bottom heat exchanger is heated again and sent for process heat. A simple example is, imagine a hotel having a generator to produce electricity and at the moment its full of guests and the ambient temperature outside is around 2oC below zero. This means that the central heating needs to be running constantly to keep the guests in a comfortable environment. Therefore a lot of fuel is being used to heat up the boilers to produce steam for central heating. Imagine the hotel employs the plant shown in figure 1. No fuel will be used for heating because the fuel used to run the engine is also being used (indirectly) for process heat. There exist two main types of cogeneration techniques which are topping cycle and bottoming cycle plants. Topping cycle cogeneration plant Topping cycle plants generate electricity or mechanical power first. Some facilities may generate the electricity for themselves only and some may even sell any power that is not being used. There exist four types of topping cycle cogeneration plants. Combined cycle topping system The first type burns fuel in a gas turbine as shown in figure 2 or diesel engine to produce electrical or mechanical power. Process heat, or steam that then drives the secondary steam turbine is produced by the exhaust entering a heat recovery boiler.  [5]   Figure 2: Combined cycle topping system  [6]   Steam turbine topping system The second type of system burns fuel which can be any type to produce high-pressure steam that then passes through a steam turbine to produce power. The exhaust provides low-pressure process steam as shown in figure 3.  [7]   Figure 3: Steam turbine topping system  [8]   Heat recovery topping system This type burns a fuel such as natural gas, diesel etc. The cooling system (engine coolant) goes to a heat recovery boiler, where it is converted to process steam and hot water for space heating. Figure 4: Heat recovery topping system Therefore this type produces electricity, process steam, hot water supply and heating as shown above in figure 4.  [9]   Gas turbine topping system This type of system uses a natural gas turbine to drive a generator. The exhaust gas goes to a heat recovery boiler that makes process steam and process heat as shown in figure 5.  [10]   Figure 5: Gas turbine topping system  [11]   Bottoming cycle plants These type of plants are less common then topping cycle plants. Normally this type of plant is used in heavy industries where high temperature furnaces are used. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL_TnW5IfyrsRFXmEx71rqd6-HKYClFz5YGVE85Wx9eYfKaReg5pogWXgYPvKeb6xAWsLgUOxrZEVk8ar7j1G0y2Ub3-xNrh_19q8jsa-WWALYPgP6MB3rFMr7DB8PkHUjslQ6f_s-hyM/s1600/bottoming-cycle-system-cogeneration.jpg Figure 6: Bottoming cycle system  [12]   After heating the furnace or any manufacturing heating process the waste heat is then passed through a recovery boiler. The waste heat is used to produce heat which then drives a steam turbine to produce electricity. Trigeneration Trigeneration also referred to combined heating, cooling and power (CHCP) is a system where this time three types of energies are produced from one energy source. The difference between cogeneration and trigeneration is that in trigeneration chilled water for air conditioning or process use is produced. This is done by using an absorption or adsorption chiller. Just as a cogeneration power plant captures and makes use of the waste heat, absorption or adsorption chillers capture the waste (or rejected) heat and produce chilled water.  [13]   Therefore the major advantage over cogeneration is that now if a plant works using trigeneration, hot water, air conditioning (using chilled water) and power generation. Therefore an industry having this system will spend less money due to having a more efficient plant when compared to cogeneration and especially when compared to conventional plants. Adsorption Chiller An adsorption chiller works purely using hot water. It uses the principle of using solid sorption materials such as silica gel and zeolites. http://www.raee.org/climatisationsolaire/graph/new/adsorption_sh.gif Figure 7: Schematic for an adsorption chiller  [14]   These type of chillers have a strong structure and are easy to install. There are no possibilities of crystallization, corrosion, hazardous leaks, and the electricity consumption is minimal  [15]  . They are commonly used in a commercial environment. Absorption Chiller An absorption chiller works by using hot water, steam or combustion. The solution used contains water and lithium bromide salt to absorb heat from the surroundings. No refrigerant is used which means no harm is done to the environment. http://www.raee.org/climatisationsolaire/graph/new/absorption.gif Figure 8: Schematic for an absorption chiller  [16]   Absorption chillers are the most distributed worldwide and they are more efficient. Their lifetime is much longer than adsorption chillers. Moreover they have high maintenance time and low corrosion protection.  [17]   Say something small about trigenerators and put schematic of plant.

Environment Analysis of Greater Manchester County Essay -- Environment

My essay focuses on the county of Greater Manchester in North West England. A thriving metropolitan area, the county has been a place of interest since its rise in the Industrial Revolution. Greater Manchester is a landlocked county in the North West region of England. The Pennine mountain range runs along its northern and eastern borders, whilst the West Pennine Moors are found on its western border. To the south lies Cheshire, a flat county with large plains left by glaciers in previous Ice Ages. Greater Manchester therefore has a graded profile, with steep mountains and hills to the north-east gradually settling out to low-lying, fertile plains in the south-west. The county’s geology consists mainly of rock from 3 geological periods; the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic, alongside glacial deposits left over from Ice Ages in the Quaternary period. The oldest rocks seem to be found in the north-east of the county, and the youngest in the south-east. The Permian and Triassic rocks laid down are indicative of hot, desert conditions with the formation of mudstones and sandstones; Red Permian sandstones are overlaid by red, brown and yellow Triassic sandstones and mudstones from the Sherwood Sandstone Group. These rocks are found mainly in southern Greater Manchester. (Natural England). Glacial till is also common in the low-lying areas to the south and west of Greater Manchester. Following frequent changes in climate in the Quaternary period, glaciers have advanced and retreated leaving a layer of glacial deposits in their wake (Natural England). These deposits were transported downstream via meltwater rivers to lowland areas, making them fertile and very useful for pastoral farming. As such, lowland areas have become popula... ...ved January 16, 2011, from Crimestop Guards: http://www.crimestopguards.co.uk/manchester.htm Geology Roam. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2011, from Edina Digimap: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/geologymapper/geologymapper;jsessionid=2E1FABFC46F36A0FF08FE920D9377244?execution=e1s1 Greater Manchester. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2011, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester#Climate Natural England. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2011, from Natural England: http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID15.aspx Seager, R. (2006). The Source of Europe's Mild Climate. American Scientist, 334 - 341. UK Mine & Quarry Listout - North West England. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2011, from UK Mine & Quarry Listout - North West England: http://www.aditnow.co.uk/mines-quarries-uk-regions/north-west-england/

Born to Be Story Teller

Short summary Jean Francois takes the blame for a crime he did not commit after a change in his life has made him a respected tradesman. He has done this to save a naive rustic from his own fate as an habitual criminal prior to his reformation. He willingly substitutes for the real thief because he can survive a life in jail and his young rustic friend would be spared a life of in-jail and out. Jean Francois has saved his young friend from a life like his. Shows how once labeled a criminal in the eyes of the law; one remains a criminal in the eyes of the law, for the rest of one’s life.MAIN STORY HE  was scarcely ten years old when he was arrested for the first time for vagabondage. This is what he said to the judges: â€Å"My name is Jean Francois Leturc, and for the last six months I’ve been with the man who sings between two lanterns on the Place de la Bastille, scraping on a  bit of catgut. I say the chorus with him, and then I cry out, ‘Ask for the new s ong book, ten centimes, two sous! ’ He was always drunk, and he beat me. That’s how the police found me the other night, in these ruined houses. Before that, I used to be with the man who sells brushes.My mother was a washerwoman; her name is Adele. A gentleman had set her up on a ground floor, at Montmartre, long ago. She was a good worker and very fond of me. She made money because she had the custom of the cafe waiters, and they need lots of linen. Sundays, she put me to bed early to go to the ball; but weekdays, she sent me to the Brothers’ school, where I learned to read. Well, at last the policeman whose beat was up our street used to stop before her window to talk to her, a big man, with the Crimean medal. They got married, and all went wrong.He took a dislike to me, and set mamma against me. Everybody had a slap for me; and it was then that to get away I spent my days on the Place Clichy, where I got acquainted with the mountebanks. My stepfather lost hi s job, mamma lost her customers, and so she went to the washhouse to support her husband. It was there she got consumption, from the dampness. She died at Lariboisiere. She was a good woman. Since then I’ve lived with the brush seller and the catgut scraper. Am I going to be put in prison? †Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He talked this way openly, cynically, like a man.He was a ragged little rascal, as tall as a top boot, with his forehead hidden under a strange yellow mop of hair. Nobody claiming him, they sent him to the reform school. Not intelligent, lazy, especially clumsy with his hands, he could learn there only a poor trade, to reseat straw chairs. Yet he was obedient, naturally quiet and taciturn; and he did not seem to be too profoundly corrupted by that school of vice. But when he was seventeen, and set free in the streets of Paris, he found there, for his misfortune, his prison comrades, wretched creatures, plying the lowest callings.Some were trainers of dogs for rat-catching in the sewers; some shined shoes in the Passage de l’Opera, on the nights when there were balls; some were amateur wrestlers, letting themselves be thrown by the Hercules of the side shows; some used to fish from rafts out in the river. He tried one of these things and another; and a few months after he had left the house of correction, he was arrested again for a petty theft, a pair of old shoes picked from out an open show window. Result: a year of imprisonment at Sainte-Pelagie, where he served as valet to the political prisoners.He lived, astonished, among this group of prisoners, all very young and carelessly dressed, who talked loudly and carried themselves in such a solemn way. They used to meet in the cell of the eldest of them, a fellow of thirty locked up for a long time already and as though settled at Sainte-Pelagie, a big cell, papered with colored caricatures, out of whose windows could be seen the whole of Paris, its roofs, its steeples, its domes, and far off , the distant line of the hills, blue and vague against the sky.On the walls there were a few shelves filled with books and all the old apparatus of a fencing school, broken masks, rusty foils, leather jackets and gloves with the  stuffing half out. It was there that the political prisoners had dinner together, adding to the inevitable soup and beef, fruit, cheese, and quarts of wine that Jean Francois was sent to buy at the canteen, tumultuous repasts, interrupted by violent disputes, and with songs sung in chorus at the dessert, the â€Å"Carmagnole† and â€Å"Ca ira. But they took on an air of dignity the days when they made room for a newcomer, who was at first solemnly greeted as â€Å"citizen,† but who was the next day called by his nickname. They made use of big words, Corporation, Solidarity, and phrases quite unintelligible to Jean Francois, such as this for example, that he once heard uttered imperiously by a hideous little hunchback who spent his nights s cribbling:   â€Å"Then it’s settled.The cabinet is to be composed of Raymond in the Department of Education, Martial in the Interior, and I in Foreign Affairs. †Ã‚  When his time was up, he wandered again about Paris, with the eye of the police on him, much like the cockchafers that cruel children keep flying tied to a string. He had become one of those fugitive and timid beings whom the law, with a coquetry of its own, arrests and releases, turn and turn about, a little like those platonic fishermen who throw back into the water the fish just out of the net so as not to empty the pond.Without his suspecting that so much honor was done to so feeble a personality, he had a special docket in the mysterious archives of police headquarters; his name and surnames were written in a large backhand on the gray paper of the cover, and the notes and reports, carefully classified, gave him these graduated appellations: â€Å"the  man named Leturc,† â€Å"the accused Leturc,† and finally, â€Å"the convicted Leturc. †Ã‚  He stayed out of prison two years, eating as best he could, sleeping in lodging houses, or sometimes in kilns, and taking part with his fellows in endless games of pitch and toss, on the Boulevards, out near the gates.He wore a greasy cap on the back of his head, carpet slippers, and a short white blouse. When he had five sous, he had his hair curled. He danced at Constant’s at Montparnasse; for two sous he bought the knave of hearts or the ace of spades, used as return checks, to sell them again for four sous at the entrance to Bobino; he opened carriage doors when the chance came; he led broken-down horses to the market. He always had bad luck, in the conscription he drew a good number.Who knows whether the atmosphere of honor which is breathed in the barracks, whether military discipline, might not have saved him? Caught in a haul, with a lot of vagabonds who used to rob the drunkards asleep in the streets , he denied energetically having taken part in their expeditions. Perhaps it was true. But his antecedents were accepted as proof, and he was sent up for three years to Poissy. There he had to make rough toys; he had himself tattooed on the chest; and he learned thieves’ slang and the penal code.Another release, another plunge into the Parisian sewer, but this time very short, for at the end of scarce six weeks, he was again compromised in a theft by night, aggravated by violence, a doubtful case in which he played an obscure part, half dupe and half receiver. At the end his complicity seemed evident, and he was condemned to five years’ hard labor. His sorrow in this adventure was to be separated from an old dog that he had picked up on a pile of rubbish and cured of the mange. This beast loved him.Toulon, the ball on his ankle, work in the harbor, blows, wooden shoes without straw, soup of black beans dating from Trafalgar, no money for tobacco, and the horrible sleep on the filthy iron bed of the convict, that is what he knew for five horrid summers and five winters with the whistling wind. He came out stunned, and was sent under surveillance to Vernon, where he worked for a while on the river; and then, incorrigible vagabond as he was, he broke bounds and came back again to Paris.He had his savings, fifty-six francs that is to say, time to reflect. During his long absence his old, horrible comrades had been scattered. He was well hidden; he slept in an attic, at an old woman’s, to whom he had given himself out as a sailor, weary of the sea, having lost his papers in a recent shipwreck, and wanting to try another trade. His tanned face, his calloused hands, and a few sea phrases he let drop from time to time, made this tale fairly probable.One day when he had risked a saunter along the streets and when the chance of his walk brought him to Montmarte, where he had been born, an unexpected memory stopped him before the door of the Brothers ’ school, in which he had learned to read. As it was very warm, the door was open; and with a single look the hesitating passer could recognize the schoolroom. Nothing was changed, not the crucifix over the desk, nor the regular rows of seats, with their leaden inkstands, nor the table of weights and measures, nor the map on which  were still the pins pointing out the operations of some old war.Heedlessly, and without reflecting, Jean Francois read on the blackboard these words of Scripture, which a well-trained hand had traced as an example of handwriting: â€Å"Joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons, who need no repentance. †Ã‚   It must have been the hour for recreation, for the teaching Brother had left his chair, and sitting on the edge of a table, he seemed to be telling a story to all the children who surrounded him, attentive and raising their eyes.What an innocent and gay expression was that of the beardless young man, in long black robe, with white cravat, with coarse, ugly shoes, and with brown hair badly cut rising up at the back. All those pallid faces of children of the populace which were looking at him, seemed less infantine than his, especially when, charmed with a candid, priestly pleasantry, he broke out with a good and frank laugh, which showed his teeth sound and well-ordered, a laugh so contagious that all the scholars broke out noisily in their turn and it was simple and sweet, this group in the joyous sunlight that made the clear eyes and the blond hair shine.Jean Francois looked at it some time in silence, and, for the first time, in this savage nature, all instinct and appetite, there awoke a mysterious and sweet emotion. His heart, that rough and hardened heart, which did not start when the heavy cudgel or the weight of the whip fell on his shoulders, beat almost to oppression. Before this spectacle, in which he saw again his childhood, his  eyes closed sor rowfully, and restraining a violent gesture, he moved away with large strides. The words written on the blackboard came back to him. â€Å"If it was not too late, after all? † he murmured. If I could once more, like the others, eat my white bread honestly, sleep my sleep out with no nightmare? The police spy would be very clever to recognize me now. My beard, which I shaved down there, has grown again, thick and strong. A man can hide himself in this big ant-heap, and work is not lacking. Whoever does not break down soon in the hell of the prison, comes out agile and robust; and I have learned how to climb ladders with a load on my back. There is building going on everywhere, and the masons need helpers. Three francs a day, I have never earned so much. If they will only forget me, that is all I ask.   He followed his courageous resolutions; he was faithful to it; and three months later, he was another man. The master for whom he labored cited him as his best workman. After a long day passed on the ladder, in the full sun, in the dust, bending and straightening his back to take the stones from the hands of the man below him and to pass them to the man above him, he came home to get a meal at the cheap eating house, dead tired, his legs heavy, his hands burning, and his eyelashes stuck together by the plaster, but satisfied with himself, and carrying his well-earned money in the knot of his handkerchief.He went out now with no fear of anything, for his white mask made him unrecognizable; and then he had observed that the suspicious glance of the policeman does not often  fall on the real worker. He was silent and sober. He slept the good sleep of fatigue. He was free. At last, a supreme reward; he had a friend. It was a mason like himself, called Savinien, a little peasant from Limoges, red-cheeked, having came to Paris with his bundle on the end of the stick over his shoulder, who kept away from the liquor dealers and went to mass on Sunday.Jean Fran cois liked him for his wholesomeness, for his innocence, for his honesty; for all that he himself had lost long ago. It was a deep passion, reserved, and betraying itself by the care and forethought of a father. Savinien, himself easy-going and selfish, let things take their course; glad only that he had found a comrade who shared his horror of the saloon.The two friends lived together in a furnished room, fairly clean, but their means were very limited; and they had to take in a third companion, an old man from Auvergne, somber and rapacious, who found a way of saving out of his meager wages to buy land at home. Jean Francois and Savinien scarcely ever left each other. The days of rest they went on long walks in the environs of Paris to dine in the open air in one of those little country inns where there are many mushrooms in the sauces and innocent enigmas on the bottoms of the plates.Jean Francois then had his friend tell him all the things, which are unknown to those born in cit ies. He learned the names of the trees, the flowers, the plants, the date of the different harvests; he listened greedily to the thousand details of a farmer’s labors, the autumn sowing, the winter work, the splendid feasts of harvest home and vintage, the flails beating the floor, and the  sound of the mills by the edge of the water, the tired horses led to the trough, and the morning hunting in the mists, and above all, the long evenings around the fire, shortened by tales of marvel.He discovered in himself springs of an imagination hitherto unsuspected, finding a singular pleasure in the mere recital of these things, so sweet, calm, and monotonous. One fear troubled him, however, that Savinien might come to know his past. Sometimes there escaped him a shady word of slang, an ignoble gesture, survivals of his former horrible existence; and then he felt the pain of a man whose old wounds open again, the more particularly as he then thought he saw in Savinien the awakening of an unhealthy curiosity.When the young man, already tempted by the pleasures, which Paris offered even to the poorest, asked him about the mysteries of the great city, Jean Francois feigned ignorance and turned the conversation; but he had then a vague doubt as to the future of his friend. This was not without foundation; and Savinien could not long remain the innocent countryman he had been on his arrival in Paris. If the gross and noisy pleasures of the saloon were still repugnant to him, he was deeply troubled by other desires full of danger for the inexperience of his twenty years.When the spring came, he began to seek solitude, and he wandered at first before the gayly lighted entrance to the dancing halls, through which he saw the girls going in couples, without bonnets, and whispering with their arms around each other. Then one evening, when the lilacs were in bloom, and when the appeal of the music was more entrancing, he crossed  the threshold. And after that Jean Franc ois saw him change little by little in his manners and in his looks. Savinien became more careful of his dress and he spent more; often he borrowed from the poor savings of his friend, which he forgot to return.Jean Francois, feeling himself deserted, was both indulgent and jealous; he suffered and kept silent. He believed he had no right to reproach, but his penetrating friendship had cruel and unconquerable forebodings. One night when he was climbing the stairs of his lodging, absorbed in his preoccupations, he heard a dialogue of irritated voices in the room he was about to enter, and he recognized one as that of the old man from Auvergne, who shared the room with him and Savinien. An old habit of suspicion made him wait on the landing, and he listened to learn the cause of the trouble. Yes,† the man from Auvergne was saying angrily, â€Å"I am sure that somebody has broken open my trunk and stolen the three Louis which I had hidden in a little box; and the man who did the trick can only be one of the two companions who sleep here, unless it is Maria, the servant. This is your business as much as mine, since you are the master of the house; and I will hale you to court if you do not let me at once go through the valises of the two masons. My poor savings! they were in their place only yesterday; and I will tell you what the Louis were, so that, if you find them, you will not accuse me of lying.Oh, I know them, my three fine gold pieces. One was a little more worn than the others, of a gold a little greener, and that had the portrait of the great Emperor; another had that of a  fat old fellow with a pigtail and epaulets; and the third had a Philip with side-whiskers; I had marked it with my teeth. I am not to be cheated, not I. Do you know I need only two more to pay for my vineyard? Come, let us look through the duds of these two comrades, or I will call the police. †Ã‚     Ã¢â‚¬Å"Very well,† said the voice of the man who kept the hou se. We’ll search with Maria. So much the worse if you find nothing and if the masons get angry. It will be because you forced me to it. †Ã‚  Jean Francois had his heart filled with fear. He recalled the poverty of Savinien, the petty borrowings, the somber manner observed the last few days. Yet he did not want to believe in any theft. He heard the hard breathing of the man from Auvergne in the ardor of the search; and he clenched his hands against his breast as though to repress the beatings of his heart. 28  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There they are! suddenly screamed the miser, victorious. â€Å"There they are, the Louis my dear treasure! And in the Sunday waistcoat of that little hypocrite from Limoges. See there, boss! They are just as I told you. There’s the Napoleon, and the man with the pigtail, and the Philip I had bitten. See the mark. Ah, the little rascal, with his air of innocence. I should more likely have suspected the other. Ah, the villain. He will have to go to prison! †Ã‚   At this moment Jean Francois heard the well-known step of Savinien, who was slowly coming upstairs. He will betray himself,† he thought. â€Å"Three flights. I have the time! †Ã‚   And pushing the door, and pale as death, he entered  the room, where he saw the man who kept the house and the stupefied servant in a corner, and the man from Auvergne on his knees amid the scattered clothes, lovingly kissing his gold pieces. â€Å"Enough of this,† he said in a dull voice. â€Å"It was I who took the money and put it in the comrade’s trunk. But that is too disgusting. I am a thief and not a Judas. Go get the police. I shall not run.Only I must say a word in private to Savinien, who is here. †Ã‚  The little man from Limoges had in fact just arrived, and seeing his crime discovered and believing himself lost, he stood still, with his eyes fixed and his arms falling. Jean Francois sprang to his neck, as though to embrace him; he glue d his mouth to Savinien’s ear, and said to him in a low and beseeching voice:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hold your tongue! †Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, turning to the others:  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Leave me alone with him. I shall not go away, I tell you. Shut us up, if you like, but leave us alone together.    And with a gesture of command, he showed them the door. They went out. Savinien, broken with anguish, had seated himself on a bed, and had dropped his eyes without understanding. â€Å"Listen,† said Jean Francois, who came to take his hands. â€Å"I understand. You stole the three gold pieces to buy some trifle for a girl. That would have been worth six months of prison for you. But you do not get out of that except to go back again; and you would have become a pillar of the police courts and criminal trials. I know all about them.I have done seven years in the  reform school, one at Sainte-Pelagie, three at Poissy, and five at Toulon. Now, do not get scared. It is all settled. I have taken it on my shoulders. †Ã‚   â€Å"Poor fellow,† cried Savinien; but hope was coming back to his cowardly heart. â€Å"When the elder brother is serving with the colors, the younger stays at home,† Jean Francois went on. â€Å"I’m your substitute, that is all. You love me a little, do you not? I am paid. Do not be a baby. You cannot refuse. They would have caught me one of these days, for I have broken my leave.And then, you see, that life out there will not be so hard for me as for you; I know it, and shall not complain if I do not render you this service in vain and if you swear to me that you will not do it again. Savinien, I have loved you dearly, and your friendship has made me very happy, for it is thanks to my knowing you that I have kept honest and straight, as I might always have been, if I had had a father to put a tool in my hands, a mother to teach me my prayers. My only regret was that I was useless to you and that I was deceiving you about my past. To day I lay aside the mask in saving you.It is all right. Come, now, good-by! Do not weep; and embrace me, for I hear the big boots on the stairs. They are coming back with the police; and we must not seem to know each other too well before these fellows. †Ã‚  Ã‚  He hugged Savinien hurriedly to his breast, and then he pushed him away as the door opened wide. It was the man who kept the house and the man from Auvergne who were bringing the police. Jean Francois went out on the landing and held out his hands for the handcuffs and said, laughin; â€Å"Forward, bad lot! †Ã‚  Ã‚  To day he is at Cayenne, a prisoner for life, as incorrigible.

The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis The WritePass Journal

The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis Abstract The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis Abstract IntroductionAimsRationale of the aimsRelated Abstract Aim This review describes recent investigations in to the impact of atherosclerosis on the vessel using four inflammatory stages eventually leading to cardiovascular complication. Research in to atherosclerosis has intensified globally as it has become one of the main reasons for increased mortality among individuals particularly within western societies. Inflammation has been established as the principal concept due to it stimulating progressive lesion development. As a result it is known as a chronic inflammatory disorder. Numerous cellular and molecular inflammatory mediators participate in the formation, development and rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that monocyte- derived macrophages as well as T-lymphocytes are the most distinctive cells to accumulate within progressive plaques and induce the production of pro-inflammatory components, more recently, potential anti-inflammatory mediators have been identified in the inflammatory response. The rate of progressive plaque development varies in different types of people. Risk factors increase the development of this condition and promote the occurrence of physical symptoms on the patient. Conclusions (1) Inflammation attacks arteries systematically within phases and (2) the significance of the role of inflammatory molecules, linking inflammation to atherosclerosis. Introduction The management of cardiovascular diseases has significantly improved, however it is still not clearly understood as to why atherosclerosis remains the leading pathological cause of both morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is known to be a type of arteriosclerosis, but in addition to the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, cholesterol begins to deposit within their walls. It is a multifactorial disease which includes build up of atheromatous plaque and accumulation of more complex lesions within the arterial walls specifically in the intimal layer leading to the rupture of these vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques (Skjot-Arkil et al, 2010). This process is initiated in childhood and according to the results of PDAY   (pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth study), visible symptoms of atherosclerosis will occur between ages of 15-54 years (McGill et al.2007). Furthermore this disease can occur in both medium and large sized arteries including the aorta, carotid artery and even the smaller coronary arteries. Due to the fact that it affects multiple arterial locations, it can then lead to clinical diseases such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction. Jongstra et al. (2006) demonstrated that within the intima of VCAM-1 positive mice, local chronic inflammation predisposed to atherosclerosis. This provided further evidence to support previous studies that inflammation participates in the atherosclerotic process. Consequently, inflammation is progressively involved in the plaque formation, resulting in an inevitable stenosis (Vidal-Vanaclocha, 2009). Numerous epidemiological studies have revealed many risk factors that accelerate atherosclerosis development including age, male gender, obesity, smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Moreover, a recent study (Holvoet et al, 2007) found that a positive correlation exists between an increased amount of oxidised LDL and the quantity of calcium built up in the coronary artery. Therefore showing that increased amount of oxidised LDL is a unique risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The factors that facilitate this plaque formation are inflammatory mediators. As the endothelial cell is activated, this results in expression of many cell surface adhesion molecules including cytokines, chemokines, monocytes, immunoglobulins. These promote endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis as well as inducing foam cell formation with the assistance of macrophages. However, the functional mechanisms of cytokines in initiating and prolonging atherosclerosis are still not clearly un derstood. Aims To explore the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis To explore the mechanisms of inflammatory cell recruitment and accumulation within the plaque. To explore the function of various different mediators in this process, including both pro and anti-inflammatory mediators. Rationale of the aims To investigate the effects of the inflammatory cycle on arteries using atherosclerosis as the central condition. Hence, following the aims and objectives of the literature review, an overview of numerous meta-analyses of mediator involvement in this process is provided. This would be performed by reviewing the most relevant literature for the past five years using Pubmed, Science direct and Google Scholar. Table 1 Methodical reviews on the involvement of inflammatory components within the development of atherosclerosis. Type of component Mediator Experimental source Inflammatory effect Effect on Atherosclerosis Author, year Immunoglobulin ICAM-1 Human plasma Human aortic SMC Human aortic endothelial cells ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Bielinski et al, 2008 Burton et al, 2009 Roth et al, 2007 Immunoglobulin VCAM-1 Human plasma Human aortic endothelial cells ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Bielinski et al, 2008 Roth et al, 2007 Cytokine TNF-alpha APoE-/- mice ↓ ↓ Bhaskar et el, 2011 Cytokine IFN-gamma Human RNA ↑ ↑ Niedzielska and Cierpka, 2010 Cytokine M-CSF Human platelets ↑ Siezer et al, 2010 Cytokine IL-6 Human aortic endothelial cells Human Plasma APoE-/- mice ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Roth et al, 2007 Hoshi et al, 2008 Bhaskar et al, 2011 Cytokine IL-1 (beta) Human aortic SMC APoE-/- mice ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Burton et al, 2009 Bhaskar et al, 2011 Chemokine CXCL16 Human and murine   macrophages APoE-/- ↑ ↑ ↑ Lehrke et al, 2007 Wen-Yi et al, 2011 Chemokine CXCR6 Human and murine macrophages ↑ ↑ Lehrke et al, 2007 Ligand CD40 L Human umbilical vein endothelial cells ↑ ↑ Chakrabarti et al, 2010 Monocyte Protein MCP-1 Human aortic endothelial cellsAPoE-/- mice ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ Roth et al, 2007 Bhaskar et al, 2011 Toll-like receptor TLR-2 ↑ Doherty et al, 2006

Deserted Soldiers in Mexican-American War essays

Deserted Soldiers in Mexican-American War essays Saint Patricks Battalion, a unit of hundred immigrants of European descents, joined Mexican Army and fought against United States in Mexican-American War from 1846 to 1848. Why did those immigrant soldiers desert U.S. and assist their enemies? The success of United States invasion and control of vast territories of Mexico must rely on soldiers unity. However, the desertion of immigrant soldiers revealed some sharp conflicts among U.S. Army. U.S. Armys prejudice to those immigrant soldiers pushed them to desert. Soldiers desertion was very rare in the war history; thus, the main reason of religious discrimination, poor living condition and inhuman treatment by U.S. Army and temptation by Mexican government will be explored in this paper to explain why those immigrant deserters gave up United States and changed their side in Mexican-American War. Many immigrant soldiers, especially Irish, deserted because they experienced harsh religious discrimination in the United States. Because of the difficult condition of famine in Ireland, many Irish immigrants went to United States. Thousands of them joined U.S. Army for the U.S. Citizenship and money. However, the tension rose between Army and Irish due to the religion. Most of Irish were Catholic and U.S. Army was very intolerant towards both Irish and Catholics at that time. In Peter F. Stevenss A Perilous Journey and Six Irish Rebels' Escape to Freedom, he wrote the prejudices towards Irish in the U.S. Army, Irish were seen as lazy and ignorant, while Catholics were considered fools who were easily distracted by pageantry and led by a faraway pope(Stevens). In the army, other soldiers believed that the Irish were inferior soldiers and gave them dirty jobs. They had no chance to be promoted. Punishments such as negligence of duty were often severe. Even worse, conditions were har sh for other Catholic immigrant soldiers such as the German...