The Conflict Theory Of The Civil War On Drugs - 2305 Words

In â€Å"Modern Slavery,† PoliticalArticles (2011) notes that, in contemporary American society, more African-Americans are imprisoned today than were held as slaves prior to emancipation. In examining this phenomenon through the theoretical lens provided by Conflict Theory, the essay argues that imprisonment has come to represent a new â€Å"Jim Crow† in which poor urban African-Americans are now disproportionately incarcerated on the basis of the â€Å"War on Drugs.† Arguing that this structure is itself unjust, the essay thus by argues that the disproportionate focus on incarceration which prevails within this war is highly problematic as it pertains to social justice for the Black community. Concluding, it examines the draught of opportunities available to African-American minorities within American cities, via an overview of urban sociology, and proposes that macro level dynamics pertaining to the nature of the city are perpetuating the racialist implicatio ns of the War on Drugs. The Nature of Conflict Theory Arguing that exploitation lies at the core of most social relationships, Conflict Theory proposes that the rules by which society are governed are dictated by powerful actors, and that these serve to ultimately preserve the positions of those groups that hold power. This paradigm argues that the nature of society is inherently conflictual, and that social change only emerges when powerful actors are dislodged through mass-level collective action that is itself difficult toShow MoreRelatedThe New Gang Became Known As The Mara Salvatrucha Stoners ( Ms Stoners ) Essay793 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1979, a civil war broke out in El Salvador between government soldiers and civilians. The war lasted for more than a decade and left blood as well as approximately 700,000 refugees. These refugees also included former military combatants. In the 1980’s vast amounts of the refugees migrated to Los Angeles (LA), which is the home of 1,000+ gangs. The refugees were not welcomed to LA and be came ostracized in the Hispanic community as it had been controlled by Mexican street gangs (Eighteenth StreetRead MoreThe New Gang Became Known As The Mara Salvatrucha Stoners ( Ms Stoners )977 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1979, a civil war broke out in El Salvador between government soldiers and civilians. The war lasted for more than a decade and left blood as well as approximately 700,000 refugees. These refugees also included former military combatants. In the 1980’s vast amounts of the refugees migrated to Los Angeles (LA), which is the home of 1,000+ gangs. The refugees were not welcomed to LA and became ostracized in the Hispanic community as it had been controlled by Mexican street gangs (Eighteenth StreetRead MoreQuavyon Green . Professor Irwin . English 1113 . 2/19/2017 .987 Words   |  4 PagesGreen   Professor Irwin   English 1113   2/19/2017     Ã‚   In The New Jim Crow by  Michelle Alexander is about a shocking statistic. 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The R.U.F. took control ofRead MoreThe Law Enforcement Operations Model1619 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of responses to transnational terrorism argue that a law enforcement operations model should be applied rather than the law of armed conflict because of the nature of the operations that are involved. For instance, Kels notes that human rights advocates â€Å"insist upon a legal geography of war, whereby states must apply a law enforcement (rather than armed conflict) model to any hostilities conducted outside of universally recognized hot battlefields like Afghanistan† (B3). This approach, however,Read MoreCivil Rights and the Second Reconstruction1189 Words   |  5 PagesCivil Rights and the Second Reconstruction The Civil Rights era was one of the most tumultuous times in American history. The country appeared at once to be striving forward for social progress and, simultaneously, coming apart at the seams. It is exactly this contradiction which drives our discussion the period known as the Second Reconstruction. Named in reference to the original Reconstruction era which succeeded the Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the South, the Second ReconstructionRead MoreAn Age Of Dramatic Social And Political Changes1164 Words   |  5 Pagesduring this change because he was the leading advocate for birth control. There was also religious division that took place, due to the Monkey Scopes Trial, which caused a huge conflict between modernists and fundamentalists. Fundamentalists believed in the bible while on the other hand modernists believed in Darwin’s theory of evolution. The 1930’s was extremely different from the 20’s because they had to experience the struggle that was brought by the Great Depression. It occurred when the stockRead MoreHow Race And Ethnicity Is Socially Constructed, Rather Than Biological?995 Words   |  4 Pagesinvolved with the most crime. 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Mr. Alvaro Uribe Velez President of the Republic of Colombia at the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly .† Colombian Mission to the United Nations . 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly , 27 Sept. 2007, New York, United Nations

Qualitative Research in Health Care London

Question: Describe about the Qualitative research in health care for London? Answer: Briefly describe the health issue of the studys focus? The health issue of this research article is breast cancer. Researcher Beaver et al. (2009) have explored the views of breast cancer patients and breast care nursing experts on telephonic record after breast cancer treatment. What is the significance of the study? Follow up meetings after breast cancer treatment are often short with limited opportunities to meet-up psycho-social requirements and information. Though, the UK national guidelines have suggested that women detected with breast cancer can access expert BCNs for support and suggests. From prior researches the researchers have identified that the required information are not adequately met during routine follow-up meetings for breast cancer. Patients feel reluctant to enquire about associated queries in clinics. Unmet instruction requirements can exist for various years after the breast cancer diagnosis, which is the time while instruction form care professional has decreased. Evidences are present on nurse-led follow-ups via telephone, which is an efficient approach to offer care in oncology. Till date very less research has been focused on the function of telephonic record for breast cancer affected women. Therefore, they have decided to design a random control trial study, where th ey can compare conventional clinical follow-up with telephonic follow-up by expert BCNs. Overview of research design What was the aim of the research? The aim of the research is to compare conventional clinical follow-up with telephonic follow-up by expert BCNs, in order to evaluate the efficacy of the telephonic follow-up after breast cancer treatment. The researches have used qualitative research design in order to interview 28patient participants and four BCNs. The researchers have used content analysis method to evaluate the interview information. What research design did the researchers use? Was it appropriate? Why or why not? The main aim of this research is to explore and illustrate the patients comments and the views of BCNs on telephonic follow-up. Therefore, selection of qualitative design is very much important. The participants were interviewed and these interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed with the help of content analysis. Qualitative research method includes descriptions and not calculations (Creswell, 2003). Applying this method in the mentioned research study helped the researchers to enrich quantitative data, which had been gathered previously during primary trial to evaluate the information deeply, how the participants and expert nurses observed telephonic follow-up. Qualitative information offers a detailed and rich picture about what the participants convey, why they act in certain manner and their point of views regarding a particular action. Few components of qualitative research are credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability (Cho, 2006). Credibility impr oves through long interaction with participants during collection of data. Transferability achieves through specified description of research process so that the readers can check whether data can be transmitted to different setting (Bassett, 2004). Dependability is analyzed through reliability, such as: checking numbers. In case of confirmability, reliability categories are used, for example: raw data (data examination, reduction process, data synthesis, reconstruction, themes, structuring categories, process notes etc. Sampling Who were the study participants? There were 374study participants randomized to hospital and telephonic follow-up by the expert nurses. Out of them 191patients were randomized to telephonic follow-up and 173 received telephonic intervention with no deviations from research protocol. Patient identification numbers were selected randomly. After written consents were received from the participants, 39participants were sent participation letters and out of them 34agreed to take part in the study (Beaver, Williamson Chalmers, 2010). Among them 6women discontinued and finally 28interviewes were carried out. Four nursing experts were selected for this research study all were agreed to take part in this research study. What are the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the sample? Why is it important to have these criteria identified before recruitment? It is important to select inclusion and exclusion criteria prior initiating the research study. This is because inclusion and exclusion criteria help researchers to precise their literature search in order to support their current study with evidences (Srinivasan, 2002). Not only that these criteria also help them to take decision on which particular topic they should focus on to carry out the current research study. Suppose, in this research study the articles which they have selected for evidences were limited from the year 1986 to 2008, English literatures and women participants, who were affected with breast cancer and under hospital follow-ups and also expert nurses dealing specifically with breast cancer. According to the researchers prior studies have already mentioned different aspects associated with breast cancer treatment and follow ups, but no proper randomized control study has been designed in order to evaluate the efficiency of telephonic hospital follow-ups compared t o conventional clinical follow ups, after the treatment of breast cancer. What sampling technique was employed in this study? Was the sampling technique appropriate for the research design? Why or why not? Random sampling technique was employed for this research study. An unsystematic sample of almost 20% of the participants who received phone follow up during the research study was selected with the help of computerized system. Thus applicable patient identification numbers were selected randomly. This is significant because random selection eliminates systematic bias (Dattalo, 2010). How was the sample size determined? Was it appropriate and why? The sample size was randomized to telephonic or hospital follow-up. They have asked provide consent. Participants who were willing to take part in this research study have reverted with proper consent and finally 28partcicipants have participated along with four breast care nurses. This approach was very much significant because signed consent letters provide the information that participants were not forced to take part in the research study. Collection of data How was the data collected? Beaver and his colleges conducted a clinical study to check the effectiveness of telephonic follow-up which is done after the breast cancer management. Here, the researcher intended to discuss about the data collection process utilized in the given study. According to the information, among the 374 patient, along with telephonic and hospital follow up, 173 are going through intervention via telephonic media. In addition to this, a special predesigned computer programming is employed which supports the author to chose 20% of the entire sample and among them 39 are received letter of invitation. Further, 87% of selected 39 people that is 34 are agreed to involve in the study but because of some unexpected reason out of 34, finally 28 patients are participated. Here, the average of the participating subjects age is 61 (Paynter, 2010). Was the data collection method appropriate for the study question and the research design? Why / why not? The collection methodology progressed including two distinct group, these are patient and other is nurse associated with breast cancer care. The question which are to be asked during the interview by the researcher is composed in a such way that it reflects the importance of telephonic follow-up after breast cancer surgery. In order to make sure that the objectives of data collection are appropriately fulfilled and the method would also prominent. Questions are involves the participants opinion as per nurses engagement in the place of doctor, also their feeling about the telephonic intervention. The participants also asked advantages and disadvantages of telephonic intervention. Thought-provoking question are also organized for the nurses also like their opinion in this type of follow-up in place of direct facing to the patient. The duration of each intervention is half an hour to one hour for breast cancer patient where in case of nurse associated with breast cancer care is 90 minut es approximately (Goodman et al. 2013). What measures were or were not taken to ensure rigor? In order to go to the topic in depth and as per data collection view various significant elements are there like rigor and these are cultured or rather measured by various clinical variables as well as socio-demographical point of view. Analysis of data Identify and describe the data analysis? Was it appropriate? In a clinical study analysis of data is one of the most significant parts. Depending upon the proper clarification of data researchers can get the optimum resultant and make the decision, based on the application of analysis method relating to content of manifest. Coded are expressed in the transcripts border and preparing of code book followed by data-analysis which is grouped by word version of Microsoft collaboration (Paynter, 2010). Summarization of collected and analyzed data is done by this method and for standardization of coding researchers is separately transcripted. Researchers who are associated with qualitative analysis suggest the various measurements in order to confirm the rigour of the trial obviously for bios free as well as appropriate analysis structure. What were the findings? Comprehensive finding after prominent analyzing of data is positive which is obtaining by telephonic intervention with patient and nurses associated with breast cancer care. However, some negative points are there after comparing both the intervention with specialists and patients who are suffering from breast cancer. Researchers are able to find out some significant factor which greatly influences the whole clinical study of this telephonic intervention. In case of patient these are satisfaction, consistency, standardizing, designing structure and incorporation of face in the telephonic intervention. There are some vital element also derived from the intervention of specialist nurses which are well-being of the patient, requirement of meeting, growing skill and above all the preference of the patient (Kamath, 2009). Can the study findings be used in other settings? Why / why not? As the patient is fundamental basis of any type of health care system, so the satisfaction of patient is always be the key factor of this scientific study also. In this clinical trial this theory is also applicable (Hughes, 2012). Here for the consultation which continuing for 30,60 or even 90 min for participants in trial intervention is almost done in homely situation in spite of hospital or bounded laboratory environment, specially for this concern at much more applicable in modern day breast cancer therapy. Besides this when numerous women are employed, then by this telephonic interview for management of breast cancer they can utilize more time in home by doing other activity simultaneously getting advised from specialized nurses. Utilization of evidence in telephonic intervention Would you implement the findings of this study in clinical practice? Why / why not? Maintaining of other regular daily activity of patient suffering from breast cancer is a significant effectiveness in counseling and mental healing support which is believed to be the pillars of curing any disease, whatever the disease may complicated or comparatively much simple. There are several evidences through management strategy of breast cancer by the unique telephonic intervention between patient and nurses associated with breast cancer care. For such advanced intervention and to appropriate delivery of medicinal and some behavioral pattern for fight against this complex disease by well groomed add skilled nurse is only possible by a high conceptualization and implementation of a progress able nursing practice concerning this clinical base strategy (McGee, 2007). A much developed peer preference as well as channels response in ongoing process is significantly essential for this advanced intervention. References: Bassett, C. (2004).Qualitative research in health care. London: Whurr. Beaver, K., Williamson, S., Chalmers, K. (2010). Telephone follow-up after treatment for breast cancer: views and experiences of patients and specialist breast care nurses.Journal Of Clinical Nursing,19(19-20), 2916-2924. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03197.xCho, J. (2006). Validity in qualitative research revisited.Qualitative Research,6(3), 319-340. doi:10.1177/1468794106065006 Contents. (2010).Computational Statistics Data Analysis, 54(10), p.vi-vii. Creswell, J. (2003).Research design. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Dattalo, P. (2010).Strategies to approximate random sampling and assignment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gionis, A. (2013). Data Analysis.Data Science Journal, 12(0), pp.GRDI13-GRDI18. Goodman, J. K., Cryder, C. E., Cheema, A. (2013). Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,26(3), 213-224. Hughes, M. (2012). Assessing the Collection Through Use Data: An Automated Collection Assessment Tool.Collection Management, 37(2), pp.110-126. Kamath, C. (2009). Application-Driven Data Analysis.Statistical Analysis Data Mining, 1(5), pp.285-285. McGee, P. (2007). Ethical Issues in Data Collection.Research Ethics, 3(2), pp.53-53. Paynter, R. (2010). Data Mashups as Collection Management Tools.Collection Management, 36(1), pp.68-72. Srinivasan, R. (2002).Importance sampling. Berlin: Springer.

Why did Estonia move from a planned economy to a market economy Essay Example

Why did Estonia move from a planned economy to a market economy Essay When Estonia first gained independence after the First World War, it enjoyed great economic success and development during the twenty-year inter-war period. However, the economic gains were negated by fifty years of Soviet occupation following World War II, leading to economic stagnation. The central government of the Soviet Union had destroyed the Soviet Republics economy as a whole, as the decision of what to produce, how much to produce and for whom to produce was placed solely on the government. Thus inefficient monopolistic state-owned industries employing the entire population regardless of skill level churned out poor quality goods that nobody wanted, while the rationing of basic foodstuffs was part of daily life. With the loss of the profit motive and no hierarchy system where the better were rewarded, both people and companies had little motivation to be efficient or innovative. The Estonian economy was in reality just the sum of the enterprises physically located on one territory. Due to the closed Soviet Unions huge shortage economy and immense quantities of natural resources, the Estonian economy could seemingly ignore world competition. As raw materials were bought at heavily subsidized prices from Russia (which led to the unaccountably low prices of energy and raw materials etc. ) the majority of enterprises created were material, energy and transport intensive, producing mainly low quality goods. But when the Soviet Union began to collapse in 1991, Estonia declared independence and started shifting towards a market economy. It sought an end to the incessant shortages, poor quality goods and inefficient state-owned industries suffering from diseconomies of scale which had plagued it as a planned economy and the diversity and dynamism of a market economy, which would hopefully bring much needed foreign investment, a well-oiled private business sector and stable economic growth to raise living standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Estonia move from a planned economy to a market economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Estonia move from a planned economy to a market economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Estonia move from a planned economy to a market economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Estonian economy faced deep structural problems immediately following independence. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian ruble continued to function as a currency in the former Soviet empire. Russia had the sole authority to print ruble notes and so in some sense controlled monetary policy throughout the currency area. Estonia remained part of the ruble zone the remnants of the Soviet monetary system even after independence in 1991. But political and economic instability in the CIS, coupled with the complete lack of monetary discipline within the ruble zone, offered little international credibility for the nations using the ruble. With the removal of subsidies on a multitude of goods, prices rose to real levels. In 1992 inflation exceeded 1,000 percent. Without the Soviet Union juggernaught providing cheap raw materials and a market for exports, the Estonian economy was left completely exposed. Inefficient state companies were forced to close, aggravating unemployment and dragging down GDP: the cumulative decline of the GDP during the period 1990-1994 was 36%. Foreign investment was desperately needed; enterprise was almost non-existent and capital had to be imported. What are the benefits of its transition? (5) Today, Estonia has a booming economy that is rapidly reaching western standards. Its economic success is based on a liberal economic policy, a currency board system with a stable currency pegged to the Deutschmark/Euro and a balanced budget (The Estonian government solved the problem of rocketing inflation by introducing a new currency, the Kroon, in 1992. It was pegged to the stable Deutsch mark and helped to calm prices, allowing the economy to start anew). Thanks to an extremely favorable business climate, excellent communication links, a low-cost base, plus a highly skilled and productive workforce, Estonia has become an attractive location for inward direct investment and an active and rapidly growing exporter: in 1998, Estonian exports were four times the level they were five years before. Exports increased faster than imports in 1998, cementing the export sector as a key factor contributing to the countrys economic growth. In 1995, Estonian signed an association agreement with the EU and was among the first six associated countries invited to accession negotiations in December 1997. In 1995, Estonia formally submitted its application to the WTO and negotiations for membership are now entering the final stages. Estonia has succeeded in reorienting its foreign trade away from the former Soviet Union and the shrinking eastern market to western markets. Today, the EU is Estonias biggest trading partner, accounting for over 60% of Estonias exports in 1998. Russia continues to be an important export partner, although total exports to the Russian Federation declined from 19% in 1997 to 13. 4% in 1998. The Russian financial crisis had an effect on industries whose main target for export was Russia (namely the food industry). The GDP declined in 1999 by 0. 7%, but started growing again in 2000. Due to important changes in the direction of foreign trade and the economic relationship in general from east to west during the 1990s, the effect of financial crises in Russia had a more moderate influence on the Estonian economy than would have occurred if Estonia had been more closely linked to the Russian market. The structure of the Estonian GDP has become rather close to that of the GDP of developed countries. These structural changes are a result of the deep economic decline experienced during the difficult years of transition and foreign trade shock (a rapid change of terms of trade, and a deep decline of trade with Russia). These shocks enabled Estonia to develop an export-orientated and well-oiled free market economy, which in turn brought economic growth and an increase of general wages well ahead of inflation. Estonia is now investing heavily in the technology sector, and 40% of its citizens now use the internet. With living standards rising steadily, more and more economists are beginning to call the difficult transition Estonia has endured the Estonian Economic Miracle.

italian job review essays

italian job review essays Ok face the facts. Sir Michael Caines 60s the Italian job really isnt as good as people say it is. Great fun, yes! Great film, no! But it doesnt really matter-taking on the remake with better imagination with similarities such as the title, and then it ending with a trio or minis. Lets start with the beginning, as with all modern films, they take the James bond approach and start with a huge action scene setting up for the rest of the story. It starts with the heist; and a brilliant heist it is too, I cool selection of soft stepping, loud bangs, speedboats and down right devious trickery. They get their hands on $35 million in gold bars from a safe house in the center of Venice, they think they are on the road to riches when the get sent off by a murderous double crosser who takes the gold. After he kills Bridger the rest of the crew head off to L.A. to create a scheme thatll snatch there gold back and get revenge. So whos in the team? Well theres the leader and master planner Charlie Crocker (mark Wahlberg), the man with the plan. Handsome Rob (Jason Statham-ex Olympic racer turned actor), is the wheelman. Theres Lyle (Seth Green), a tech whiz who swears he invented Napster. Theres Left-ear (Mos Def-A rapper), the explosives expert. Bridgers daughter Stella (Charlie Theron), an expert safe cracker and the back stabber Steve Frezelli (Edward Norton- who did not want to do the movie but was forced to by contract), weasely back stabber whose only talent is being sneaky and devious. With an all-star cast this film is a blend between 2 fast 2 furious and Oceans 11. Unlike the first film, this one has a much better set up and has better twists, the original didnt seem to have any preparation at all (well apart from blowing up a van and smashing up a few minis-which I loved) this is more modern and has the mor ...

The Chernobyl disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Chernobyl disaster - Essay Example There were economic, technological and political factors alongside the almost complete lack of effective health and safety measures were highly evident causes of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Indeed despite its then status as a military superpower in the mid 1980s the Soviet Union had serious problems that the Chernobyl nuclear disaster amply demonstrated. By the mid 1980s the Stalinist era economic planning and one party political systems of the Soviet Union were beginning to show their age and their propensity for economic failure, administrative inefficiency, and declining political legitimacy. More ominously the Soviet Union’s outdated industries were a danger both to its own people, other countries, as well as the environment. The strain of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and a renewed a nuclear arms race with the United States were not taken by the stagnant economy (White, 1990). The main economic and political institutions as well as it systems dated back to the infrastructure constructed by Stalin in the late1920s and the 1930s. The collectivisation of agriculture and industrialisation had been achieved at great human cost, with political obedience and loyalty to the Communists counting for more than efficiency or ability to do their jobs (James, 2003 p. 53). When such an approach was typical of the managers and the workers of nuclear power stations it was always a potential cause of accidents. The Soviet Union had suffered horrendous losses during the Second World War which were partially compensated by the gaining of satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the desire to prevent itself being invaded ever again (James, 2003 p. 301). Yet the onset of the Cold War meant that the Soviet Union took undue risk in both its civil and its military nuclear programmes in order to generate electricity and make atomic weapons as quickly as possible. Undue risks that

Sustainable architecture design award- handmade school Assignment

Sustainable architecture design award- handmade school - Assignment Example Pollution to the environment is alsmost zero rated in this construction considering the way that the materails were being used to construct the school. There are various features that have been positively realised by the work of Anna heringer in the construction of the handmade school that are both good for the locals and also for the planet (Archdaily, 1). 1. Involving the whole community was a positive step: the school was constructed jointly by the architects and the locals thus making them have a feeling of taking a positive contribution towards sustainable development for their future 2. The school is a product of a program called METI which focuses on child education and development of the rural areas. This indicates that there is concern for the community in the building. Above meeting the ecological standards, the structure is oriented to the plight of the locals. 3. The school has used material that was supposed to be old fashioned and only destined for the poor to come up with a modern structure. This is a representative mode of doing things that would be able to make the community as a whole rethink of how they relate. 4. Use of the local materials was a factor that raised the economy, created jobs for the locals and was a method that would facilitate the local craftsmen to be able to improve their housing conditions. 1. These are things that were realized in the process of construction. This is evident in the use of an endogenous potential in a very sustainable manner. This has also been reflected in the use of the local materials. The materials used to construct the buildings have low energy dissipation thus being right for a green future (McCaulay & McLennan, 3). 2. Sustainability has also been ensured by making sure that there is no destruction of materials that require a lot of energy. This has

A view from a bridge work book Essay Example for Free

A view from a bridge work book Essay Dear Miss Fisher, I have finished reading a view from a bridge put notes on the power point sheets however I then looked back on it realised it was illegible! So I wrote it up here, is that ok Im sorry for the inconvenience, it wont happen again. Sorry again, Daisy 🙂 A view from the bridge. 15th September. Research tasks: Who was Arthur Miller? Find autobiographical information about the playwright. Arthur Miller, playwright from New York, became a journalist, worked with Italian immigrants during WWII. Which gave him an outlook Into the Sicilian dreams inspiration for A View From The Bridge. Millers first play flopped, but his second; All My Sons was a massive success. He divorced his first wife in 1961 married Marilyn Munroe, the reason for this is unknown as apparently they were never really in love divorced in 1963, it is thought Monroe married him for intelligence milled married Monroe for beauty, Miller then wrote a play After The Fall that is thought to be based on their relationship. Miller died in 2005. Which other plays has Arthur miller written? Do they have any common themes? After The Fall, The Prince, The Archbishops Ceiling, The Clock, Broken Glass, All My Sons, Death Of A Salesman, Crucible. A common theme of Arthur Millers play was the examining of an individual in relation to their authority; this means the plays are often considered political. Where is Brooklyn? What was it like in the 1940s? Who lived worked there? What sort of environment was it? Whats it like now? Brooklyn is a borough of New York; in the 1940s it had a large Italian population due to the ports near the bridge. Brooklyn was split in two it had the middle class areas such as Flatbush working class areas like Red Hook, the setting for A View The Bridge. In the mid to late 1940s Brooklyn was enjoying a good period the gang violence was, all though easily noticed, small. As Brooklyn reached the end of the 1940s the borough began a period of decline by the early 1950s gangsters were ripe until the 1980s it was classed as a bad place to live. People from all over Europe lived worked in Brooklyn it also had a large African-American community. Brooklyn now has a safer cleaner track record with very little gang violence a large business district the 3rd largest in New York State. Which groups of people immigrated to the United States in the 1940s? What was life like for them when they arrived? The main groups of people immigrating to the United States in the 1940s were European, particularly Italians Russians. When they first arrived life would be tough they would usually leave their homelands with nothing have to find jobs work quickly so they could live out their own American Dream. Find out as much as you can about Italian-American communities Which television programmes films include Italian-American characters? How do they talk? Is this community stereotyped? What values can you identify in this community? The most famous film on Italian-Americans would probably be Scarface a movie based on Italian-American gangster Al Capone, the Italian-American community is stereotyped as a very tight family, which it represents in gangs or mobs, the Italian-American dialect is varied through out Brooklyn, Bugs Bunny has an accent based on the Flatbush dialect. Wikipedia Italian Americans are higher in the rate degree of the tensing rising of (oh) (aeh) than that of Jewish American New Yorkers. The values of the communities of Italian Americans seem as though they all run everything as a family business, a tight knit friendship group. What is a tragedy? Find out the main features or conventions of this type of play. Make sure you go right back to Greek tragedy. A Greek tragedy is a form of art portraying human suffering causing audience pleasure this form has been modernised to usually end a play in a death where all characters end in despair, or worse off than they were at the beginning. Alfieris first speech. What have we learnt about the people who live in Red Hook? We have learnt from the opening speech from Alfieri that Red Hook was the slum of Brooklyn the gullet of New York, Red Hook is portrayed as very violent with no care for the law, but it is now ore civilised getting better, people are no longer as scared as they were, as Alfieri says: I no longer feel the need to keep a gun It shows Red Hook at one time was extremely intimidating bad but now much better. Alfieri goes onto mention how his relatives often tell him not to get involved with cases, this shows the Italian-American-tight knit-family-like-ness how his business seems to be everyones business. What does Alfieri mean when he says justice is very important here? When Alfieri says justice is very important here he is using a bit of sarcasm he is commenting on how people do feel justice is important but their own personal justice not the governments justice. How people can commit murder believing it is all right because of there own justice. However you feel a sense of irony as he is a lawyer speaking he is discussing justice that he may well deal with in court. The fact he is a lawyer also shows there is work for lawyers in Red Hook so some sort of governed justice is important. Now the people settle for half instead of using a gun for justice, what does that mean? Alfieris comment now the people settle for half is commenting on now that Red Hook has been cleaned up a bit his services a called on more although it means the person against the allegations may not be killed he will be brought to governed justice possible face prison. Eddies story is not like the petty troubles of the poor. Why might he come to see Alfieri? Eddies story is not like the petty troubles of the poor because we realise through out the book that aside from the immigrants in his house being illegal, they have actually done nothing wrong although his allegations against Rodolfo being gay are also wrong, it is not illegal to be gay. Alfieri also deals mainly in family squabbles, evictions compensation cases, but Eddies is different because its more about jealousy revenge.